Food Chains on the Isle of Dell

On the Isle of Dell, a large island with a variety of habitats and plant/animal species, the food chain has been left undisturbed by human development.  In the subtropical forests of the inland region, the elephants and rhinos forage on the native low shrubs. Inland water ways contain large schools of great goldfish which thrive on the indigo waterweed.   Nearer the coastal areas, donkeys, camels, and hippos consume the lush, green verdigrass. In the plains of the south, bison, horses, and cows rely on the tall, plains bushtail grasses as a staple of their diets.  The goats of the highlands graze over large areas in search of the dry goatweed.

The large wild cats of the islan, blend in with the bushtail grass, allowing them to stalk and prey upon the bison and cows.  Tigers on the island use their strength and speed to hunt down camels and donkeys along the coast.  In the highlands, lions use the rough terrain as cover to hunt the highly dispersed goat herds.  When goats are more difficult to find, lions do head to the coast and hunt camels and donkeys.  Bears living inland, traversing between both forests and plains, may actively hunt small, weak elephant, rhino, and cows, but mostly rely on the great goldfish and plains bushtail grass for their diets.

Based on the information above, fill out the two columns of the table below.

You have 2 strains of bacteria, strain 1 = trpA- trpB- trpC+ and strain 2 = trpA+ trpB+trpC-. You grow P1 transducing phage on strain 1 (you infect strain 1 with the phage), then infect strain 2 with this lysate and select for transductants on minimal medium (trpA,B,C mutants are all Trp auxotrophs). You get 1000 transductants growing with 0.1 ml lysate. You then infect strain 2 with your phage, then transduce strain 1 and get 15 transductants. a. What is the order of trpA, trpB, trpC? b. What is the genetic distance between trpA and trpC?

What is the role of polar auxin transport in embryo development?

Compare and contrasts meiosis and mitosis.  How do the behavior of chromosomes during meiosis generate variation and explain Mendel’s law of independent assortment? Long answer, please.

what is mean by doubling time? Has it gotten longer or shorter for the world's population? Cite and use actual numbers in your answer.

Explain why the motor proteins myosin and kinesin are enzymes and write the reaction that each catalyzes.

What is the value of biodiversity?

Compare and contrast the activity of GLUT-1 and the glucose/Na transporter protein.

1 - What is the effect on transcription if nearby histones are acetylated?

Select one:

a. The region is less accessible for DNA Polymerase

b. The genes in this region will be unaffected

c. The region is more accessible for RNA Polymerase

d. The genes in the region will expose its enhancers

2- Are UAUA the first nucleotides in a mRNA?

Select one:

a. No, the first nucleotides are AUAU

b. No, since the first nucleotide in a mRNA is an inverted "A"

c. Yes, as this is the transcription start site

d. No, since transcription begins downstream of the TATA-box

3- Do all transcription factors increase transcription?

Select one:

a. No, since transcription factors can promote or prevent the recruitment of RNA Polymerase

b. No, since many transcription factors require activation

c. Yes, by directly or indirectly recruiting RNA Polymerase

d. Yes, by binding to a proximal or distal control element

Question 4

If a gene contains 21 exons, how many introns are there?

Select one:

a. 20

b. 22

c. 21

Question 5

What is alternative splicing?

Select one:

a. When certain exons are included or excluded, in a situation-dependent manner

b. When a mRNA is edited to replace certain nucleotides

c. When a mRNA is incorrectly folded

d. When a mRNA is cut into two fragments and each encodes a different protein

Question 6

A mRNA contains the sequence AUUUA, which is known to bind to proteins that recruit Deadenylase. Normally, which nuclease would degrade this mRNA?

Select one:

a. 3’-to-5’ exonuclease

b. RNA endonuclease

c. RISC

d. 5’-to-3’ exonuclease

Question 7

A mRNA contains the sequence AUUUA, which is known to bind to proteins that recruit Deadenylase. If this sequence is present in the mRNA for the growth factor GM-CSF, but mutates to become ACUCA, what do you expect to happen?

Select one:

a. The cell may grow uncontrollably

b. mRNA levels will be unchanged, but more GM-CSF protein will be produced

c. The mRNA will be degraded more rapidly

Question 8

How do the 5’ and 3’ UTRs of an eukaryotic mRNA influence translation?

Select one:

a. They control the recruitment of tRNAs to the ribosome

b. They can either enhance or repress the recruitment of the ribosome

c. They can recruit miRNAs or siRNAs that inhibit translation

d. Two of the other answers are true

e. Three of the other answers are true

Question 9

How do the 5’ cap and 3’ tail of an eukaryotic mRNA directly influence its translation?

Select one:

a. They allow the mRNA to be exported from the nucleus so that it can be translated

b. They prevent mRNA degradation

c. They recruit tRNAs to the ribosome

d. They are involved in the circularization of the mRNA, enabling efficient translation

Question 10

How is the destination of a protein usually determined?

Select one:

a. By its post-transcriptional modifications

b. By its function

c. By its post-translational modifications

d. By its amino acid sequence

Describe the reasons why endurance training increases fat oxidation during exercise.

The Central Nervous System is considered “immunologically privileged.” What does this mean? What are the features of the anatomical structures that that enable this status. What are the factors that can cause a breach into the status of this system?

How do these characteristics play a role in the efficacy of treating infections in the Nervous System, and can they contribute to the occurrence of latent infections within this system?

A) List one type of error-prone DNA repair mechanism (which routinely introduces errors into the repaired DNA) and list the type of DNA damage repaired. B) List one DNA repair mechanism that generally corrects the DNA damage without error, and list the type of DNA damage repaired.

Hospitals are finding the importance of developing strategies to become a high reliability organization (HRO). Why would this be important in healthcare and share at least 1 strategy that should be used to develop this type of an organization?