Susan and Joe were worried. Their little boy, Daniel, had been having an awful lot of bacterial infections and he was barely a year old. It seemed that the antibiotics cleared up one bacterial respiratory infection only to have another follow shortly. The scary thing was that Daniel had just fought off a case of pneumonia caused by Pneumocystis carnii, a fungal infection that was usually found in people with HIV. Waiting for the test results of an HIV test for their little boy was one of the worst waits ever. Thank goodness it came back negative.

However, it seemed that their troubles were just beginning. After this last lung infection, the fungal one, and a negative HIV test, their doctor had ordered a number of other blood tests, including a genetic test that Susan didn’t fully understand. Apparently the doctor was worried about Daniel’s immune system functions. Susan had also met with a genetic counselor who collected a family history of any immune disorders. The details were vague, but Susan’s mother, Helen, knew that one of her three brothers had died young from an unexplained lung infection. Unfortunately, Grandma Ruth had passed away a few years ago, leaving them with numerous unanswered questions.

Susan and Joe had an appointment with their doctor that afternoon to go over the results. When they arrived Dr. Dresdner led them into an office where Ms. Henchey, the genetic counselor, waited. This can’t be good, thought Susan. The doctor began by explaining that they had analyzed Daniel’s blood and found that while he had normal levels of B cells and T cells, his antibody levels were anything but normal. The levels of IgG, IgA, and IgE were very low, almost undetectable, and Daniel had abnormally high levels of IgM and IgD. He went on to explain the nature of these different categories of immunoglobulins.

Ms. Henchey, the genetic counselor, explained that Daniel had a genetic mutation in the gene for the CD40 ligand.

How does a deficiency in CD40 ligand explain Daniel’s immunological deficiency?

1. ) Prior to 1900, the natural range of the moose, Alces alces, included all Canadian provinces except the island of Newfoundland. In 1904, two male and two female moose were transported from New Brunswick to Newfoundland, where they have founded a large population of 110,000 moose.

Describe and explain the expected evolutionary consequences due to genetic drift, shortly after the transport of the four moose, on (1) the New Brunswick population and (2) the Newfoundland moose population

Describe the mechanism of action of the drug ZAVESCA

Briefly describe the normal cell biology, the pathogenic state and how the drug alters the pathogenic state.

Come up with an experimental plan by which you can prove where in the cell the drug acts; what cellular functions it modulates, and the mechanism by which it works.

I KNOW THOSE ANSWERS BUT I NEED HOW TO SOLVE

Q1 ANSWER E(1487)

Q B

Q 1

What is the equilibrium constant for the reaction shown below?

glutathione + NADPH + H⁺ ↔ reduced glutathione + reduced glutathione + NADP⁺

In a paragraph, relate the following terms:  Metabolism, anabolism, catabolism, hydrolysis, condensation, endergonic, exergonic.  

Relate means group those terms together that belong together. For example, anabolism means to build up larger molecules. What process do we use to build up larger molecules and does that process store energy or release energy?

Describe, in detail, how to make 1 liter of LB + Kan (100 μg/ml final concentration) + Amp (50 μg /ml final concentration) liquid media. [Include things like how many grams of each component that you use, how much antibiotic (in ml) to add (stock solutions – 100 mg/ml ampicillin, 25 mg/ml kanamycin), and in what type of container you perform the sterilization step.] Show your calculations.

Question:

DNA polymerase III is the main DNA-synthesizing enzyme in bacteria. Describe how it carries out its role of elongating a strand of DNA.

Answer:

DNA pol III determines which free nucleotide triphosphate is complementary to the base being copied. DNA pol III catalyzes phosphodiester bond formation between the alpha phosphate of the incoming nucleotide triphosphate and the 3’ hydroxyl group of the last nucleotide added to the strand.

Can someone please explain this step by step in a dumbed down version? Thank you!

How would a monoclonal antibody to a viral protein be prepared?

1. Compare and contrast the different mechanisms for regulating differential gene expression.
2. Predict different mechanisms that could be responsible for control of gene expression in development.
3. Explain extrinsic stem cell regulatory mechanisms and the role of niches

What are some of the ways the immune system prevents tumors from developing?

Please answer those questions

1.   Name three forces or processes that constrain trait values.

2. If a trait does not impart function, it may be lost or become vestigial through time. Why?

3.. Stress tolerance can range from broad to narrow. Without considering environmental variability, what type of stress tolerance yields higher fitness for an organism?

4.Distinguish between fine- and coarse-grained environments.

Briefly describe the composition of telomerase.

Pick all the product(s) of photosynthesis which are used in cellular respiration:

ATP

carbon dioxide (CO2)

Water

glucose

oxygen gas (O2)