Yellow body color (y), crossveinless wings(cv) and forked bristles (f) are all recessive and in that order on the X chromosome in Drosophila. Yellow is 14 map units from crossveinless and crossveinless is 22 map units from forked. A yellow, crossveinless female is crossed to a forked male. An F1 female is testcrossed to a male expressing all three traits. If the coefficient of coincidence is 0.9, how many completely wild type flies will be observed out of 1000?

From the same testcross, how many flies will express forked only?

How many flies expressing yellow only will be observed?

Please explain and show work.

1. You want to express Erythropoietin (EPO) in mass quantities. EPO is a glycoprotein hormone responsible for the control of RBC synthesis in the bone marrow. It has invaluable medical usages in animals and cancer therapy. It is important to note that it has highly complex glycosylations.

1. Which expression system would you use to appropriately and efficiently express your gene of interest? Briefly explain the reason for your choice.

1. b. You implement your gene of interest into your designed expression system. However, after your extraction step, you are not able to obtain the desired protein of interest. List one possible reason why this occurred and state how you would address this problem.
2. c. You decide to produce your desired protein in large batches. You obtain a small sample from your bioreactor and observe “clumps” within the cells. What do you think those could be? Based on this answer, propose a possible solution.

You are developing primers for a wildlife forensic case and want to identify both species and distinguish between individuals.
a) For which type of analysis would you want to develop/use degenerate primers? Why?

b) If the primer you developed for species ID is 14bp, the mitochondrial genome is 18500 bp, and the nuclear genome is 3.2x109bp, how many times would you expect it to bind to each of the respective genomes assuming the same primer could bind to both the mtDNA and nDNA genomes? (2marks)

c) Comment on the specificity of the primer if this primer was intended to amplify only a mtDNA region and not a nDNA region.

The protein encoded by CDC33 has a molecular weight of 24 kD. There are about 6 picograms of TOTAL protein per haploid yeast cell. The Cdc33 protein is present in 3000 copies per cell. What fraction of the total protein in a yeast cell is Cdc33 protein?

Ch 21The Lymphatic and Immune Systems

  4. Describe how lymph nodes function as lymphatic organs.

  5. Describe the function, recirculation, and activation of lymphocytes.

  6. Relate the structure of lymphoid tissue to its infection-fighting function.

  7. Describe the locations, histological structure, and immune functions of the following lymphoid organs: thymus, lymph nodes, spleen, tonsils, aggregated lymphoid nodules in the intestine and appendix.

  8. Describe the basic characteristics of two disorders of the lymphatic vessels: chylothorax, lymphangitis; and three disorders of lymphocytes and lymphoid organs; mononucleosis, and Hodgkin’s lymphoma.

3. What is the common label used to detect amplicons if you use agarose gel electrophoresis?

5. I ordered an 18-mer oligonucleotide primer from Fisher Scientific. What is an 18-mer?

8. You begin a PCR with 20 copies of the DNA template. After 5 cycles, approximately how many copies of amplicon do you have?

Match each DNA repair mechanism with its description.

photoactive repair

base excision repair

nucleotide excision repair

mismatch repair  

SOS system

nonhomologous end-joining

Fill in the blanks with the following terms:

Lactate NAD+ fermentation
NADH aerobic anaerobic acetyl CoA


When oxygen is available during glycolysis, the three-carbon pyruvate may be oxidized to form:

(1) ___________________ + CO2, The coenzyme (2) _________________ is reduced to (3) ___________.

Under (4) _______________ conditions, pyruvate is reduced to (5) _________________. In yeast, pyruvate forms ethanol in a process known as (6) __________________.

Associate each of the following descriptions with pathways in glycogen metabolism:
a. glycogenesis b. glycogenolysis
1. _____ breakdown of glycogen to glucose 2._____ activated by glucagon
3. _____ starting material is glucose-6-phosphate 4._____ synthesis of glycogen from glucose
5. _____ activated by insulin 6._____ UDP activates glucose


 
Gluconeogenesis: Glucose Synthesis
Associate each of the following descriptions:
a) gluconeogenesis b) pyruvate c) pyruvate kinase
d) pyruvate carboxylase e) Cori cycle

1. _____ an enzyme in glycolysis that cannot be used in gluconeogenesis

2. _____ a typical non-carbohydrate source of carbon atoms for glucose synthesis.

3. _____ a process whereby lactate produced in muscle is used for glucose synthesis in the liver and used again by the muscle.

4. _____ the metabolic pathway that converts non-carbohydrate sources to glucose.

5. _____ an enzyme used in gluconeogenesis that is not used in glycolysis.

6. _____ a metabolic pathway that is activated when glycogen reserves are depleted.

Match each of the following with the correct metabolic pathway:
A. glycolysis B. glycogenolysis C. gluconeogenesis
D. glycogenesis E. fermentation

1. _____ conversion of pyruvate to alcohol
2. _____ breakdown of glucose to pyruvate
3. _____ formation of glycogen
4. _____ synthesis of glucose
5. _____ breakdown of glycogen to glucose

 

What is a tyrosine kinase receptor (RTK)? Describe how this type of receptor works. Once activated, what kind of enzyme is needed to deactivate the receptor? Explain

The lung airway epithelium regulates the thickness and the pH of the airway surface liquid.

Describe the airway epithelium and highlight the main molecular mechanism involved in regulating the thickness of the airway surface liquid. Where possible, indicate how these processes are altered in cystic fibrosis.

1. Describe evidence suggesting that inter-individual variation in the per gene might account for inter-individual variation in the nature of circadian rhythms expressed.

If you want to identify genes that change expression levels in a mouse model of liver disease under conditions of stress.

(i) What kind of DNA library will be the best one to use and why?

(ii) Based upon your answer, design an experiment which would allow you to identify genes which change expression in the liver in response to a hepatitis infection. Be sure to include experimental parameters such as sample source, preparation, conditions, methods, controls, analysis, expected results.

In regards to protein function:

A) For specific DNA binding proteins,

1. what is the structure of a typically DNA binding protein and how does it interact with DNA?

2. why is there a difference between the major and amino groove in terms of protein binding?

B) describe how the Lac repressor interacts with DNA to find its binding site

C) describe how a catalyst lowers the activation energy of a reaction

D) how is the structure of enzymes used to design drugs for diseases like HIV?

E) what are the three steps of motor protein action?