3. Lower Digestive Tract

(C) Discuss the gallbladder and include one usual abnormal finding

As a result of an experiment following measurements were obtained from a cell:

intracellular Na⁺ concentration of 10 mM,

intracellular K⁺ concentration of 140 mM,

intracellular Cl^- concentration of 5 mM,

intracellular Ca²⁺ concentration of 0.0001 mM,

extracellular Na⁺ concentration of 150 mM,

extracellular K⁺ concentration of 5 mM,

extracellular Cl^- concentration of 120 mM,

extracellular Ca²⁺ concentration of 5 mM.

Using these values calculate equilibrium potential for Ca²⁺ ion in these cells. (RT/F = 26.7 mV, 37^oC)

• What can the “tendon reflex” teach us about stretching? Hint “reciprocal inhibition”.
• How can we increase flexibility in our hamstring muscles using reciprocal inhibition when stretching? Describe the stretch action.
• Is this type of stretching static or dynamic? Why?
• Is this the best type of hamstring stretch before you go for a jog?
• Goal is to reduce injury and increase flexibility.

• When you shine the light into the left eye how will the left pupil react? Circle one of the following choices; constrict, dilate or no change.  

• When you shine the light into the left eye how will the right pupil react? Circle one of the following choices; constrict, dilate or no change.  

• When you shine the light into the right eye how will the right pupil react? Circle one of the following choices; constrict, dilate or no change.

• When you shine the light into the right eye how will the left pupil react? Circle one of the following choices; constrict, dilate or no change.

what does the pupillary reflex tell you about the afferent nerve pathway?

Which division of the ANS causes the pupils to constrict? Which division of the ANS causes the pupils to dilate?

If you shine light into the eyes of an individual who has suffered a blow to the head, what could happen and why?

• What are the 5 components of a reflex arc? Identify (specifically) each component of the pupillary reflex arc?  

• when you shined the light into the left eye what happened to the left pupil? When you shined the light into the right eye what happened to the right pupil? Is this what you expected to happen, what should happen? Please explain your answers.  

• when you shined the light into the left eye what happened to the right pupil? When you shined the light into the right eye what happened to the left pupil? Is this what you expected to happen, what should happen? Please explain your answers. “Hint – both eyes constrict”

Discuss the small intestine and include one usual abnormal finding

How does alkalosis result in hypokalemia?

if a ventilated patient has inspiratory effort but the ventilator doesn't respond, what can be the reasons ? how can you solve this ?

Katie is a 7-month-old baby girl, the second child born to her parents. Her mother had a healthy, full-term pregnancy, and Nona’s birth weight was normal. She did not respond well to breastfeeding and was changed entirely to a formula based on cow’s milk at 4 weeks. Between 7 and 12 weeks of age, she was admitted to the hospital twice with a history of screaming after feeding, but was discharged after observation without a specific diagnosis. Elimination of cow’s milk from her diet did not relieve her symptoms; Katie’s mother reported that the screaming bouts were worse after Katie drank juice and that Katie frequently had gas and a distended abdomen. At 7 months she was still thriving (height and weight in the 97^th percentile) with no abnormal findings on physical examination. A stool sample was taken.

1. What is Katie’s diagnosis?

2. What is the cause of Katie’s symptoms?

3. What is needed in order for Katie to be able to feed normally?

4. What testing would be ordered to determine what is happening to Katie?

5. What is the treatment plan that Katie’s mother should follow?

the patellar knee-jerk reflex tests.

• Which nerve carries the afferent (sensory) signal? Which nerve carries the efferent (motor) signal?

• how did mental distraction and muscle activity in another area affect the patellar knee-jerk reflex? Is this what you expected to happen? In your own words try to explain your answers.

• how did fatigue affect the patellar knee-jerk reflex? Is this what you expected to happen?   In your own words try to explain your answers

After viewing the most common myths associated with stress from the APA website, discuss which concept you believe is the most misunderstood. Give support for your reasons (using your own research and sources for support).