Using approximately 400-500 words, describe which motions and muscles in the right elbow, forearm, wrist, and hand are responsible for turning a doorknob clockwise and pushing open a door. What if the motion was reversed and you had to turn the knob counter-clockwise and pull open the door?

2. How might the movements produced by the rabbit be different than in human muscles? 3. How are the pectoralis major and biceps brachii muscle fibers arranged in the rabbit? 4. Which of the two muscles examined in this exercise would produce the most force?

1. Which response serves to decrease body temperature if body temperature increases above its normal range?

Question 2 options:

2.Where in the epidermis is new cell division most likely to occur?

3. How long is a keratinocyte typically part of the epidermis before it is sloughed off of the apical surface?

Question 8 options:

4.

Which of the following correctly describes the root and the shaft of a hair?

5.

Which portion of the hair contains cells that actively undergo mitosis?

Discussion: Why is embryology and histology important for a dental assistant to know?

Give an example of how you might use this in a dental setting.

How does the electrical conduction through the heart influence contraction, volume, pressure, and heart sounds?

QUESTION 4
A. Write about the following:
i. Cell membranes are composed primarily of phospholipids and proteins.
ii. The refractory period in action potential
iii. The role of body water
B. Explain the following causes of Edema
iv. Malnutrition and Capillary wall damage
v. Fluid accumulation in the lungs
vi. Left ventricular heart failure and Congestive heart failure
vii. Glomerulonephritis and Nephrotic syndrome
(All 7 points x 5= 35Marks)

Janet is 22, and college student that recently moved out onto her own. She works part time and pays all her own bills. She has been vegan for about 8 months, and likes to go jogging 2-3 times per week. Because of limited finances, she often eats ramen, apples, carrots, whatever bread or pasta is on sale. She avoids going out to eat, and mostly packs her own lunch. She doesn’t usually eat breakfast, and often forgets to drink water during the day, and wonders if this is why she feels fatigued most days. She likes to have friends over to her new place, they often bring drinks, but she never drinks more than 1-2, and she doesn’t think it’s affecting her sleep.

• What might be causing her fatigue? Think of 3 possibilities.
• Did you consider anemia as a possible problem? Consider the possible causes and risk factors for three major types of anemia, could she potentially have one of these? How would anemia be diagnosed?
• What suggestions could you give her in terms of diet changes to correct nutritional deficiencies she may have?

Name three types of dense connective tissue and their features

1. What are anabolic steroids?

2. What are catabolic steroids?

3. Anabolic steroids are primarily used for their anabolic effects on which molecules in which tissues?

4. How does anabolic steroid use affect the release of GnRH?

5. How does this affect GnRH release then lead to low sperm count and shrinking of the testicles?

MAJOR VESSELS OF THE BODY

Unless otherwise indicated, the veins have the same naming of the arteries and are paired with the artery. Most of the exceptions are found with superficial veins in the limbs, or veins in the thorax.

Vessels of the Thorax & Neck:

• Aorta

• Common Carotid A.

• Brachiocephalic V.

• Arch of Aorta
• Subclavian A & V
• Superior Vena Cava

• Brachiocephalic Trunk • External Jugular V.
• Inferior Vena Cava

1. Focus on the difference between the Brachiocephalic TRUNK and the Brachiocephalic VEIN

2. What side of the body does the brachiocephalic trunk supply?

Vessels of the Upper Limb:

• Axillary • Brachial

• Ulnar • Cephalic V.

• Median Cubital V.

• Radial
• Basilic V.

1. What are the 2 superficial veins of the upper limb that drain the skin and do not have paired arteries?

2. Is the Cephalic Vein found on the medial or lateral side of the arm?

Vessels of the Lower Limb:

• Common Iliac •

• Femoral •

• Great Saphenous V. •

Internal Iliac • External Iliac Popliteal • Dorsal Venous Arch Small Saphenous V.

1. What are the 2 superficial veins of the lower limb that drain the skin and do not have paired arteries?

2. Is the Great Saphenous Vein found on the medial or lateral side of the leg?

PLEASE ANSWR ALL OF THE ABOVE.

MUSCLES OF THE LOWER LIMB

With the models available in lab, identify to the best of your ability the indicated structures. Focus on their origin and insertion when examining the muscles to help you better identify their action.

Superficial Gluteal Muscles:

• Gluteus Maximus • Gluteus Medius

• Iliotibial Band/Tract • Fascia Lata

• Gluteus Minimus

1. Which muscles medially rotate the hip?

2. Which muscle is the main hip extensor?

3. How do Gluteus Medius & Minimus function in gait? A weak right Gluteus Medius &

Minimus would result in what?

Deep Gluteal Muscles:

• Piriformis • Superior Gemellus

• Inferior Gemellus • Quadratus Femoris

  1. Which of these muscles is the most superior? Inferior?

  2. What is the main function of all these muscles?

  Anterior Hip Muscles:

• Iliacus • Psoas Major
1. These muscles are the agonist for which action of the hip?

• Obturator Internus

Anterior Thigh Muscles:

• Sartorius •

• Vastus Lateralis •

• Quadriceps Tendon •

Tensor Fascia Latae Vastus Intermedius Patellar Tendon

• Rectus Femoris

• Vastus Medialis

1. Which muscles are collectively known as Quadriceps Femoris?

2. What is the common insertion of the Quadriceps muscles?

3. How would you stretch the Rectus Femoris muscle? Is this different from stretching the other quadriceps muscle? Why?

4. Palpate the patellar tendon and feel it insert onto the tibial tuberosity.

Medial Thigh Muscles:

• Gracilis • Adductor Magnus • Adductor Longus

• Adductor Brevis • Pectineus

  1. All but 1 of these muscles inserts on which bone?

  2. Which of these muscles is deepest (i.e. most posterior from an anterior view)?

  3. Which adductor muscle contributes to the boundaries of the femoral triangle?

  Posterior Thigh Muscles:

• Biceps Femoris • Semitendinosus • Semimembranosus

1. What are all the muscles that insert on the Pes Anserinus?

2. Which Hamstring muscles insert on the medial vs. lateral side of the tibia?

3. Is Semimembranosus or Semitendinosus more superficial?

4. What is the common origin of the Hamstring muscles?

5. A biarticulate muscle is one that crosses and acts on 2 joints. List all the biarticulate

muscles of the thigh.

Anterior Leg Muscles:

• Tibialis Anterior • Extensor Digitorum Longus

1. Do all of these muscles dorsiflex the ankle?

Lateral Leg Muscles:

• Fibularis Longus • Fibularis Brevis

• Extensor Hallucis Longus

1. Which of these muscles is more superficial relative to the fibula?

2. Which muscle inserts on the lateral side of the foot? Medial side?

3. What are the 2 actions these muscles can perform?

Posterior Leg Muscles:

• Gastrocnemius

• Popliteus

• Flexor Hallucis Longus

• Plantaris
• Tibialis Posterior

• Soleus
• Flexor Digitorum Longus

1. Which muscles join together to form the Achilles/calcaneal tendon?

2. Which of these muscles only act on the knee?

3. What is the order of the tendons from anterior to posterior as they pass posterior to

   the medial malleolus?

4. What is the order of the muscle bellies of Tibialis Posterior, FDL, & FHL from medial

to lateral in the posterior leg?

Foot Muscles:

• Extensor Digitorum Brevis

• Abductor Hallucis

• Quadratus Plantae

• Flexor Digiti Minimi

• Extensor Hallucis Brevis

• Flexor Digitorum Brevis

• Adductor Hallucis

• Dorsal Interossei

• Plantar Aponeurosis
• Abductor Digiti Minimi • Flexor Hallucis Brevis • Plantar Interossei

1. Which muscles are found in Layer 3 of the foot? Layer 2?

2. What is unique about Quadratus Plantae?

PLEASE ANSWR ALL OF THE ABOVE. THANKS

explain how polygenic inheritance differs from that resulting from the action of a single pair of alleles. pick a specific way and discuss it. Also, add citation at the end.

summary explaining how chemical signals from the endocrine system drive development of the reproductive system in both sexes. Your summary should include a comparison of this process among males and females. Your summary should be well organized, and should make sense to somebody who doesn’t have the guiding questions in front of them.

In your summary you should address the following questions: What hormones are involved in this process? What cells do these hormones interact with? What effect do the identified hormones have? What additional actions might these hormones have within the body (apart from the reproductive system)?