Part II: The Muscular System

1. List the three types of muscle in the human body.

a.  

b.  

c.  

2. Explain what distinguishes skeletal muscle from the other two types of muscles.

3. Describe the function of a tendon.

4. Define the following terms.

a. Adenosine Triphosphate (ATP):

b. Creatine phosphate (CP):

5. When we say “aerobic” what element is required?

6. During exercise, friction between muscle fibers generates heat. What are two ways the body reduces this heat?

7. Explain what myoglobin is.

8. Define the following terms:

a. Muscle Hypertrophy

b. Muscle Atrophy

9. Contrast a muscle origin and a muscle insertion.

10. Complete the following table.

11. When you are lying on the floor and contract your rectus abdominus muscles, what exercise are you performing?

12. Describe what it means

a. When a muscle is called Biceps:

b. When a muscle is called Triceps:

c. When a muscle is called Quadriceps:

Part III: The Skeletal System

13. Describe an Osteocyte.

14. When speaking about long bones:

a. What is the diaphysis?

b. What is the epiphysis?

15. Contrast a compact (dense) bone and a Spongy (trabecullar) bone.  Describe where onewould find each type in the skeleton.

16. Name what is located in the hollow shaft of long bones.

17. Complete the following table.

18. What is the difference between Intramembranous ossification and endochondral ossification?

19. First, explain what calcitriol is. Second, explain what it does.

20. Describe the relationship between PTH (parathyroid hormone) and Calcitonin.

21. Define the following terms:

a. Osteopenia?

b. Osteoporosis?

22. Complete the following sentence: The two main divisions of the Skeletal System are

  and   .

23. List the 8 Cranial Bones.

a.  

b.  

c.  

d.  

e.  

f.  

g.  

h.   

24. Complete the following table.

25. List the number of vertebrae as specified in the Vertebral column:

a. Total number of vertebrae:

b. Number of Cervical vertebrae:

c. Number of Thoracic vertebrae:

d. Number of Lumbar vertebrae:

26. What is the Sacrum? What is the Coccyx?

27. The     bones are called the Atlas and the Axis.

28. The three main parts of the Thoracic Cage are   ,   ,

and   .

29. Part I: How many True ribs are there?

Part II: How many false ribs are there?

Part III: Why are false ribs referred to as “false?”

30. List the three parts of the Sternum.

a.  

b.  

c.  

31. Complete the table.

32. What are Phalanges?

33. Describe the coxal bones. Then explain what three bones are fused to make up the coxal bones.

34. List the two bones of the leg:

a.  

b.  

35. Complete the following sentences. Tarsals are   .

Meta Tarsals are   .

36. What is the calcaneus?

37. What does Diarthrosis mean?

6

You have learned that protein is important for body functions and that most of us get more than the RDA for protein. Why do you think the high protein diets such as The Zone and The Adkins Diet are so appealing to people who desire weight loss? Are there potential advantages and disadvantages to these diets? What would you counsel someone who was using one of these diets?

37. What are B-1 B cells? What is the role of the B-1 B cells in the immune response?

38. What is the role of marginal zone B cells in the immune response?

34. What is the role of the B-Cell in the immune response?

35. What is the difference between Memory B Cells and Plasma B Cells?

43. What is the role of Innate Lymphoid Cell 1 (ILC1)?

44. What is the role of Innate Lymphoid Cell 2 (ILC2)?

Why do both the BCR and TCR receptors have a variable domain AND a constant domain?

Explain how the following agents are involved in the excitation and contraction of skeletal muscle.

i. Acetylcholine (ACh)

ii. Calcium (Ca²⁺)

iii. Adenosine triphosphate (ATP)

question 56

Non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs) are widely used medications. They may alter the production of downstream signalling molecules and so modulate various processes. What signalling molecules, and what activities, might be affected by NSAIDs? [6 marks]

Describe the anatomy and physiology of the Liver

Describe the anatomy and physiology of the Pancreas. Focus on the exocrine digestive functions.

Discuss technology to generate energy for muscle contraction?

Describe the main regions and features of the Large Intestine. What are its main functions? What is the population of bacteria in this region of the digestive tract?

List the percent absorptive of secretion of sodium, potassium, water, bicarbonate, glucose for different regions of the nephron.

Describe the anatomy and function of the esophagus. Is it constructed for the frequent presence of gastric juice?

_{List the exact order of flow of bile and pancreatic juice as it flows out of the Liver, Pancreas, and the Gallbladder. List all ducts and any sphincters. Use modern and classical terminology.}