1. Of the six classes of synovial joints, how many are classified as biaxial?
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1 |
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2 |
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3 |
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4 |
2 Which of the following articulations is the largest diarthrosis in the human body?
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elbow |
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hip |
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shoulder |
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knee |
3 Which two pads of fibrocartilage are found in the knee joint?
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medial and lateral collateral ligaments |
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anterior and posterior cruciate ligaments |
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intrinsic and extrinsic tibial symphyses |
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medial and lateral menisci |
4 What is the scientific name given to the shoulder joint?
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glenohumeral joint |
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humeroradial joint |
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acetabular joint |
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claviculascapular joint |
5 Which articulation forms part of the elbow joint?
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glenohumeral joint |
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humeroradial joint |
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patellofemoral joint |
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acromioclavicular joint |
6 The tendons of four muscles help to stabilize the shoulder joint, which together are called which of the following?
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shoulder bursae |
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pectoralis major |
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glenohumeral tendons |
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rotator cuff |
7 The hip joint belongs to which class of synovial joints?
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hinge |
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pivot |
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ball-and-socket |
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condylar |
In: Anatomy and Physiology
For the brain structure/ areas below, provide the following information
Location
General function
Example of when the structure/ area would be active
A disease/ disorder that affects the structure/ area, and why physiology dysfunction this would result in
Prefrontal association area
Basal ganglia
Pineal gland
Medulla oblongata
In: Anatomy and Physiology
1.
What is the cause of rheumatoid arthritis?
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an autoimmune response |
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normal wear and tear on joints |
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a traumatic event, like a fall |
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the action of many over-the-counter medications |
2. Which is an example of a multiaxial joint?
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knee |
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elbow |
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shoulder |
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knuckle |
3. Which term describes an angular movement away from the midline of the body
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flexion |
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extension |
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adduction |
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abduction |
4. Which term describes the movement of a body part in the posterior direction?
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protraction |
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retraction |
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elevation |
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depression |
5. A hinge joint is correctly classified as which of the following?
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nonaxial |
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uniaxial |
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biaxial |
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multiaxial |
In: Anatomy and Physiology
A Case Study of the Muscular System
The purpose of this assignment is to assess your ability to communicate effectively, think critically, and understand quantitative information. This assignment also gives you the opportunity to work through a potential real-life scenario in the medical field.
Obtain all data for the patients to answer the questions, fill out the tables, and produce graphs. You will be submitting answers (typed), tables, and graphs. Your words must be your own, do not just write one paragraph for everyone to turn-in. Graphs must be properly labelled. All sources used, including textbook, must be referenced at the end of your paper. You should turn-in a unique typed assignment that includes the following:
· The answers to questions 1 through 20 (includes tables 1, 2, 3, and graphs)
· Write an alphabetized list of all sources referenced in your answers in proper APA format.
Part I
You are a volunteer in a California medical office of Dr. Williams. Dr. Williams specializes in rare neuromuscular and musculoskeletal disorders. You’re also a grad student and working with Dr. Williams has allowed you to gain first-hand experience with some of the material that you’re learning in your human physiology course.
Today a group of high school students is coming for a tour and Dr. Williams has asked you to prepare some information about muscles to present to the students, such as the neuromuscular junction (NMJ), skeletal muscle contraction, and issues that can arise when signaling between neurons and muscles does not happen as it is supposed to.
Questions [Critical Thinking and Communication]
1. Write a summary paragraph to explain the action of muscles to high school students as Dr. Williams instructed.
Part II – Joyce Snyder
After the high school group finishes their tour, Dr. Williams sees two patients.
Joyce Snyder is a biochemist working for a bio-warfare lab at a university. She is working on a project using sarin as a model substance. Suddenly, while working, the lab alarms go off and Joyce accidentally knocks a vial of sarin over and a bit of the liquid splashes onto her arm between her gloves and lab coat.
She suddenly starts to feel dizzy, her heart starts pounding harder than ever, and she has shortness of breath. She feels incredibly sluggish and tries to get to the exit. As she approaches the lab door, her muscles cramp and she falls down and hits her head, knocking her unconscious. Her colleagues from across the hall happen to see her fall and call for help. Joyce is given oxygen and taken to the nearby hospital.
Joyce is admitted to the hospital and Dr. Williams examines her. Joyce is unconscious but seems to be experiencing some paralysis, so Dr. Williams orders blood work. The results are listed in Table 1 below, the top line represents her initial readings; the following three rows are for subsequent time points. You must work with your team members to interpret all clinical values.
Dr. Williams looks over the results and knows from Joyce ’s colleague that she is a bioweapons biochemist. Dr. Williams figures out that Joyce has been working on synthesizing a new sarin-like biochemical weapon and suspects she has a type of poisoning that is like that of sarin.
Questions [Critical Thinking]
2. What symptoms is Joyce experiencing?
3. What is the role of AChE in the NMJ?
4. Examine Table 1 below. Fill-in the normal range of values for each of the variables in the last (blank) row.
Table 1. Lab values for Joyce Snyder. (Serum)
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Time Point |
BP |
Temp. (°F) |
Hemat. (%) |
Glucose (mg/dL) |
Na+ (mEq/L) |
K+ (mEq/L) |
AChE Activity (% of normal) |
Thyroxine (pmol/L) |
Serum Triiodothyronine (FT3) (pg/dL) |
Antibodies for Ach Receptors |
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1 |
105/65 |
99.4 °F |
37.5% |
88 mg/dL |
139 mEq/L |
3.8 mEq/L |
44% |
9.1 pmol/L |
112 pg/dL |
none |
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2 |
108/70 |
100.1 °F |
38.0% |
100 mg/dL |
135 mEq/L |
5.0 mEq/L |
42% |
8.5 pmol/L |
100 pg/dL |
none |
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3 |
130/92 |
98.0 °F |
36.2% |
95 mg/dL |
132 mEq/L |
5.2 mEq/L |
50% |
10.0 pmol/L |
150 pg/dL |
none |
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4 |
115/85 |
99.2 °F |
36.9% |
80 mg/dL |
144 mEq/L |
3.5 mEq/L |
88% |
12.0 pmol/L |
82 pg/dL |
none |
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Normal Values |
Questions [Critical Thinking and Communication and Quantitative]
5. Which of Joyce ’s levels are abnormal and at what time point?
6. What is the mechanism of action of sarin or a sarin-like chemical?
7. How would exposure to a sarin-like poison affect the amounts of Na+ going into the muscle cell? Explain why.
8. How would exposure to a sarin or sarin-like chemical affect Ca2+ levels inside the sarcoplasmic reticulum? Why?
9. How do these altered Ca2+ levels affect the position of the actin and myosin filaments? Why/how?
10. What needs to happen to Joyce’s post-synaptic membrane to remedy her paralysis? Physiologically what do we need more of, and where?
In: Anatomy and Physiology
A. Describe the histological process by which the kidney concentrates urine, name the cells and tissues involved?
B. How may the kidneys change if they become diseased?
In: Anatomy and Physiology
Describe the process of spermatogenesis including cells involved and time length.
In: Anatomy and Physiology
describe the mechanism of antigen processing and presentation by a virally infected cell to a CD8 cytotoxic T cell
In: Anatomy and Physiology
in 100 words or more for each response
1. Describe the role of sodium in the production and secretion of thyroid hormones. Be detailed in your response and be sure to fully describe any pathways involved.
2. Opioids and mental illness are known causes of gNrh inhibition. Time magazine recently published a spotlight review on the rise of anxiety, depression, and the opioid crisis in America. According to this new data, what pathophysiological impacts would this have on young people between the ages of 12-17 who may be on antidepressant medication or dealing with opioid addiction? Be sure to provide sufficient detail.
In: Anatomy and Physiology
Explain how the pectoralis major can have concentric actions of both abduction and adduction of the glenohumeral joint. Provide an example movement to demonstrate your understanding.
In: Anatomy and Physiology
What is the difference between afferent and efferent neurons?
List the 6 glial cells and list at least one function for each.
Name two functions of Cerebrospinal Fluid (CSF).
The modified blood vessels that are lined with ependymal cells and produce CSF are called ______.
The spaces/chambers within the brain that allow CSF to flow internally are called ________.
What are the differences between White matter and Gray matter?
Which lobe of the cerebral cortex is responsible for voluntary motor functions and “higher” thought processes?
Which part of the brainstem controls heart rate, respiratory rates and blood pressure?
Which part of the brainstem controls most homeostatic mechanisms of the body including metabolism and body temperature.
The gray matter found inside of the cerebrum that is involved with “primitive” functions such as emotions, mood and memory is called the ___________.
In: Anatomy and Physiology
In: Anatomy and Physiology
Which of the following symptoms would a patient with a lesion (injury) that destroyed the right side of the spinal cord in the region of the upper back be most likely to experience?
A. Loss of both pressure sense and pain in the right foot
B. Loss of both pressure sense and pain in the left foot
C. Loss of pressure sense in the right foot and pain in the left foot
D. Loss of pressure sense in the left foot and pain in the right foot
In: Anatomy and Physiology
A) TLC = 6500 VC = 5000 Find RV.
TLC = 6500 IC = 3500 Find FRC.
TLC = 6500 RV = 1200 Find VC.
IC = 3500 TV = 600 Find IRV.
FRC = 2300 RV = 1200 Find ERV.
B) The total volume of air in Jeffrey’s lungs is 5800 mL. If his IC is 3200 and his RV is 1000, calculate his ERV and FRC.
TLC = 4200, VC = 3200, IC = 2000 Calculate the FRC and RV?
VC = 3200, IC = 2200, ERV = 1000, RV = 1000 Calculate the TLC.
The total volume of air Sally can inhale after a quiet exhalation is 3400 mL. When Sally is sitting still she inhales 400 mL and there is 2200 mL left in her lungs. Calculate or figure out from the information given in the question the following values TV, TLC, IC, FRC, IRV.
When at rest Jeremy inspires and expires 600 mL. While his lungs can hold 7000 mL of air only 5500 mL can move in and out, if he really, really tries. Normally, there is 3400 mL of air left in his lungs after a quiet expiration. Calculate or figure out TV, ERV, TLC, IC, FRC, IRV, RV.
In: Anatomy and Physiology
A forward lunge can be divided into 2 phases, the up phase and the down phase, explain the type of contractions occurring in the knee joint (i.e. isometric, concentric, eccentic) during each of these phases.
Then identify the movement and the prime (only 1) agonist muscle for the movement occurring in each of the following joints during the up phase:
In: Anatomy and Physiology
In: Anatomy and Physiology