The Red Cross slogan for blood drive is “Blood Saves Lives”. This is true but there are several hazards that attend blood donation. Current trend is that a patient should be transfused only with the faction of blood that is required such as erythrocytes, platelets, clotting factors etc. Sometimes however, whole blood transfusion is needed. Describe one or two conditions in which blood or only a component of blood is transfused. Explain your answer in the light of what you now know in anatomy and physiology.

REWRITE THIS PROCEDURE IN OWN WORDS

Procedure

1.Set clamp A on the boom to approximately the 40 cm position. Weigh the boom (including the clamp and pin) on the triple-beam balance. Record this weight in gwt on the data sheet as w. Balance the boom on a finger and locate its center of gravity. Mark the center of gravity with a pencil, and erase any other markings on the boom

.2.Assemble the crane approximately as shown in Figure 1. A load of 700 to 1200 g should be applied to the weight holder. One end of the spring balance should be directly attached to the hook on clamp C on the vertical pole. The other end of the spring balance should be attached through a string or loop of string to clamp A on the boom. The top of the weight hanger should be below the lower end of the boom. Adjust clamp C until the string between the balance and the boom is accurately horizontal. Hold a plumb line near that string and look for an equality of the four right angles. The boom should make an angle of between 30o and 60o with the horizontal. If it does not, change the length of string between the balance and clamp A on the boom; then readjust clamp C on the vertical pole until that string is again horizontal.

3.Record the load force L in gwt. Remember to include the weight of the weight hanger along with that of the slotted weights.

4.Momentarily release the tension applied to the spring balance by tilting the boom slightly while supporting the balance in its original position with one hand. Take a zero reading to be used for correcting future readings and record the zero reading of the balance on scratch paper; or alternately adjust the balance until it reads zero. Release the boom; and then pull down on it slightly to slightly increase the reading of the balance. Next, slowly release the force applied to the boom and remove your hands from the apparatus. This procedure will cause the frictional force inside the spring balance to have the same direction when the final reading is taken as when the zero reading was taken. Read the force Smeas from the balance and make any required zero corrections on the reading before recording it on the data sheet.the force Smeas from the balance and make any required zero corrections on the reading before recording it on the data sheet.

1. What are the various categories of intravenous solutions and how are they used?

   1. Isotonic:

   2. Hypotonic:

   3. Hypertonic:

For each of the following hypothetical situations identify which type of muscle tissue would be most affected and what effect you would see in cell/tissue function. Justify your response with an explanation of your reasoning.

A miscoding of the titin protein gene

A miscoding of the calmodulin protein gene

Individuals who receive radiation exposure or chemotherapy may be at increased risk of later developing primary bone cancer (meaning that the cancerous growth starts in the bone). Using your knowledge of the formation of bone and the overall function of skeletal tissue in the body, explain why this is not surprising.

2. Upper Digestive Tract

(C) Discuss the components of the "mouth" and include one usual abnormal finding

3. Lower Digestive Tract

(C) Discuss the gallbladder and include one usual abnormal finding

As a result of an experiment following measurements were obtained from a cell:

intracellular Na⁺ concentration of 10 mM,

intracellular K⁺ concentration of 140 mM,

intracellular Cl^- concentration of 5 mM,

intracellular Ca²⁺ concentration of 0.0001 mM,

extracellular Na⁺ concentration of 150 mM,

extracellular K⁺ concentration of 5 mM,

extracellular Cl^- concentration of 120 mM,

extracellular Ca²⁺ concentration of 5 mM.

Using these values calculate equilibrium potential for Ca²⁺ ion in these cells. (RT/F = 26.7 mV, 37^oC)

• What can the “tendon reflex” teach us about stretching? Hint “reciprocal inhibition”.
• How can we increase flexibility in our hamstring muscles using reciprocal inhibition when stretching? Describe the stretch action.
• Is this type of stretching static or dynamic? Why?
• Is this the best type of hamstring stretch before you go for a jog?
• Goal is to reduce injury and increase flexibility.

• When you shine the light into the left eye how will the left pupil react? Circle one of the following choices; constrict, dilate or no change.  

• When you shine the light into the left eye how will the right pupil react? Circle one of the following choices; constrict, dilate or no change.  

• When you shine the light into the right eye how will the right pupil react? Circle one of the following choices; constrict, dilate or no change.

• When you shine the light into the right eye how will the left pupil react? Circle one of the following choices; constrict, dilate or no change.

what does the pupillary reflex tell you about the afferent nerve pathway?

Which division of the ANS causes the pupils to constrict? Which division of the ANS causes the pupils to dilate?

If you shine light into the eyes of an individual who has suffered a blow to the head, what could happen and why?

• What are the 5 components of a reflex arc? Identify (specifically) each component of the pupillary reflex arc?  

• when you shined the light into the left eye what happened to the left pupil? When you shined the light into the right eye what happened to the right pupil? Is this what you expected to happen, what should happen? Please explain your answers.  

• when you shined the light into the left eye what happened to the right pupil? When you shined the light into the right eye what happened to the left pupil? Is this what you expected to happen, what should happen? Please explain your answers. “Hint – both eyes constrict”

Discuss the small intestine and include one usual abnormal finding