Discuss the role of vitamin K dependent factors in haemostasis, citing the importance of running liver function test in cases of haemostatic abnormality?

Tell the following as a story in your own words listing each vessel as you would a list of roads you would drive on to get to the beach and back from campus.  

Trace a red blood cell from the left ventricle to the right 5^th finger (pinky) and back to the left ventricle.

7. A signal molecule binds to a receptor and upregulates IP3. In this scenario... choose all correct (10 pts)

A) The signal molecule must be lipophilic

B) The signal molecule is the first messenger and IP3 is the second messenger

C) The receptor is a G-protein coupled receptor

D) The receptor is a catalytic receptor

5. True/False –regarding receptor proteins (RP) (10 pts)

A) RPs exhibit specificity, saturation, and competition, similar to carrier proteins.

B) RPs may be peripheral membrane proteins or may be nuclear or cytosolic proteins.

C) RPs function as the sensors in reflex pathways.

D) Activated RPs may repress rather than upregulate a gene.

E) Upregulation or downregulation of RPs occurs via receptor number.

In 500-1000 words (1-2 pages, double-spaced), provide an explanation of "Socioeconomic Status/Poverty and climate change – i.e. extreme weather (harsher winters and summers) and droughts, as two outcomes of climate change, disproportionately affect poorer individuals" and why/how it affects populations as a matter of public health. You can use the provided examples above as a starting point, but they cannot be the only example you provide.

1. What is the functional relationship between the integumentary and skeletal systems?
2. How does failure to maintain homeostasis in the integumentary system affect bone formation and remodeling processes? Be sure to discuss how the different types of bone cells respond to different factors (e.g., ions, hormones, cellular signaling molecules, etc.) and what the driving force behind maintaining homeostasis in the bone remodeling process.
3. Describe the pathogenesis of osteoporosis and explain why it is considered a multifactorial disease.
4. How do current therapies address these failures to maintain homeostasis and ameliorate the effects of osteoporosis?

If someone is over-hydrated, how can the body respond to correct the fluid/electrolyte imbalance? Include which hormone(s) would be secreted/or inhibited to correct the imbalance, and describe exactly how these hormones fix the imbalance.

What is the sequence of events taking place in the plantar reflex, naming the sensory and motor neurons, and the muscles involved in this reflex.

Case Study

Neurologic System: Chronic

Case Study: Parkinson's Disease

approx 30 min

Mr. Nimmo, age 66, has noticed excessive fatigue, muscle aches, and weakness in his legs for some time. His hands were shaking slightly, although his wife reported that the shaking appeared to stop when he fell asleep. Some unintentional head movements were also apparent. He remembers that his grandfather died in his mid-60s after suffering for years from a condition with similar symptoms. After several tests and the elimination of some other neuromuscular conditions, a diagnosis of Parkinson's disease was made for Mr. Nimmo.

Q1 : Discuss the pathophysiology of Parkinson’s disease and how it differs from other neuromuscular conditions affecting older adults.

Q2: Discuss the usual progression of the disease as the pathophysiology develops further. Indicate additional manifestations that will be noticeable.

Q3: Describe the complications that frequently develop, including the rationale for each and the early indications of each problem.

Q4: Discuss the treatments available to this patient.

The structures of the cochlea are responsible for ___, whereas the structures of the saccule and utricle are responsible for ____ equilibrium, and semicircular canals and ampulla are responsible for ____ equilibrium.

Jeremy's trainer should have taken a physiology class. If he had, he would know that the use of steroids (in addition to other problems) actually increases_____________________, which is counterproductive to improving bone density.

a. testosterone

b. estrogen

c. calcitonin

d. parathyroid hormone

In prokaryotes, transcription and translation takes place in the _________________________.

In Eukaryotes, transcription takes place in _______________________.

The regions of genes that code for proteins are called _____________________.

The regions of genes that do not code for proteins are called _____________________.

6. Mutation p.191, 10^th ed.

What is a mutation? _____________________________________________________________________

What is the difference between Spontaneous mutation and induced mutation?

Protein Synthesis – Kinds of RNA

5. List the three types of RNA and describe an important property of each:

DNA Replication

4. The enzyme that break the hydrogen bonds of the 2 DNA strands: _____________________

     The enzyme that builds the new DNA strand complementary to the original DNA is called ____________________.

     Short DNA segments called Okazaki fragments are joined together by the enzyme called ____________________.

3. List the three molecular processes involved in the transfer of DNA and describe each.

   a.)

   b.)

   c.)

1. What is a nucleoid? -________________________________________________________

Describe supercoiling. ________________________________________________________________

List one purpose of supercoiling in bacteria. ___________________________________________

The average microbial genome size is ________________________________.

=

2. DNA structure of Prokaryotes vs. Eukaryotes

Organization of chromosomes in Prokaryotes and Eukaryotes:

4. A researcher studying synaptic transmission in a glutamatergic hippocampal neuron measures calcium flow in the postsynaptic hippocampal neuron after either low or high intensity stimulation to the presynaptic neuron. Predict the results of the different stimulations.

A. There will be an efflux calcium after high intensity stimulation.

B. There will be an influx calcium after low intensity stimulation.

C. There will be an influx calcium after both types of stimulation (stimulation occurs at separate times, not together).

D. There will be an efflux calcium after low intensity stimulation.

E. There will be an influx calcium after high intensity stimulation.

Name and describe 5 function of the liver