Individuals who spend the majority of their day indoors and take no dietary supplements are more susceptible to fractures. Why? Identify two bone diseases you would expect to see in this population. What would you suggest to prevent fractures?

Question 55:

Please indicate the diseases or conditions described in each section below. [5 marks]

(a) Billions of people consume unregulated concentrations of a fungal toxin, an alkylating agent, in their staple foods (corn, ground-nuts, rice). What condition arises from consumption of:

• acute, high doses?                        
• chronic, low doses?                        

(b) What is the painful inflammatory condition that occurs in joints when macrophages phagocytose crystals of a common metabolite?                              

(c) What severe inflammatory condition is characterised by damage to secretory cells or ducts that deliver digestive enzymes (such as lipases) to the gut, and by the precipitation of salts of fatty acids?                               

(d) What potentially lethal body-wide inflammatory state is induced if an injury leads to a large amount of intracellular material being liberated into the bloodstream?                                   

(e) Name chronic inflammatory diseases affecting the gut, associated with dysbiosis, and showing ulceration and fibrosis that:

• may occur at any site in the alimentary canal                        
• are localised to the large intestine:                        

1.While the biceps is contracting, there is no activity in the triceps. True or false

2.As contractile strength increases, ____________ muscle motor units become involved in the contraction. More or ess

3.A maximum strength skeletal muscle contraction can be sustained indefinitely. True or false

Briefly describe the steps involved in the initiation of a contraction in a skeletal muscle fibre. List the steps in the order that they occur. Start with an action potential on the sarcolemma and end with a description about how cross-bridges form. Include details about the intracellular structures and ion/s involved. You should provide 8 pieces of relevant information to obtain 8 marks.

What are the targets for the parasympathetic output? When the parasympathetic system is activated, what happens to the heart? What are the targets for sympathetic output? When the sympathetic system is activated, what TWO things happen to the heart?

Using approximately 400-500 words, describe which motions and muscles in the right elbow, forearm, wrist, and hand are responsible for turning a doorknob clockwise and pushing open a door. What if the motion was reversed and you had to turn the knob counter-clockwise and pull open the door?

2. How might the movements produced by the rabbit be different than in human muscles? 3. How are the pectoralis major and biceps brachii muscle fibers arranged in the rabbit? 4. Which of the two muscles examined in this exercise would produce the most force?

1. Which response serves to decrease body temperature if body temperature increases above its normal range?

Question 2 options:

2.Where in the epidermis is new cell division most likely to occur?

3. How long is a keratinocyte typically part of the epidermis before it is sloughed off of the apical surface?

Question 8 options:

4.

Which of the following correctly describes the root and the shaft of a hair?

5.

Which portion of the hair contains cells that actively undergo mitosis?

Discussion: Why is embryology and histology important for a dental assistant to know?

Give an example of how you might use this in a dental setting.

How does the electrical conduction through the heart influence contraction, volume, pressure, and heart sounds?

QUESTION 4
A. Write about the following:
i. Cell membranes are composed primarily of phospholipids and proteins.
ii. The refractory period in action potential
iii. The role of body water
B. Explain the following causes of Edema
iv. Malnutrition and Capillary wall damage
v. Fluid accumulation in the lungs
vi. Left ventricular heart failure and Congestive heart failure
vii. Glomerulonephritis and Nephrotic syndrome
(All 7 points x 5= 35Marks)