Neurotransmitter System Questions:

1. Comment on disorders wherein there is a change in the dopaminergic system. Give the change that is observed.

2. What drugs typically target the dopamine system? What effect do these drugs have on the brain?

3. Several drugs target the serotonin system. What effects do these drugs have on the brain?

Answer any one of them would help!!!

QUESTION 1
When performing the urease test, the agar changes from blue to green if the organism is producing urease.
True
False

Macroscopic examination of the bacterial unknown can provide all the following except
       Colony morphology
       Growth patterns in broth
       Oxygen requirements
       Temperature preference
       Cell arrangement and shape of individual bacteria

Genotypic testing can be used to identify the presence or absence of a specific species of bacteria from a mixed sample.
True
False

QUESTION 5
All the following tests are commonly performed when identifying an unknown, gram-negative rod except
       Oxidase test
       IMViC tests
       Nitrate reduction
       Bile esculin hydrolysis
       Carbohydrate fermentation profiles

A patient presents with a weak grip. He does not have any history of injury to his upper limb. While this could be a local problem following an injury to the upper limb, it could just as easily be damage to the spinal nerve resulting from an injury to his neck, causing pressure on one or more roots of the brachial plexus. The weakness may not be muscle weakness (such as from disuse), but lack of innervation to the hand; these present similarly. Your task will be to understand the anatomy of this region and possible sources of impairment that present similarly. With a good understanding of anatomy, the correct source can be identified.

What information can be gained from a passive assessment and an active assessment of joint motion?

Do arthrokinematics differ from glenohumeral external rotation with the humerus in neutral versus the humerus in abducted to 90 degrees? Explain your answer.

What are the interactions/connections between joint angles in open kinetic chain verse closed kinetic chain?  Explain this relationship using knee flexion in both an open and closed chain example.

1 (a) Explain the mechanism of counter-current multiplier system during the formation of urine

    in man.

   (b) What is the significance of this process to mammals living in arid of the regions earth?

Max, a 19-year-old college freshman, complains of fever, malaise, and nausea. He says he came into the clinic because he feels too weak to go to class. Additionally, he reports having no appetite. For symptom relief, Max has taken ibuprofen. Max has no previous health conditions to report except that he was told that as a small child, he had reactive airway disease. He works part time while attending college. His only sibling is alive and well. Both parents are alive, and Max’s father takes medication for hypertension. Max lives in a college dorm with 1 roommate, and his dorm houses about 150 students. He denies having a cough. Additionally, Max says that his throat is slightly sore, but he is not sure whether it is because he has been vomiting. He also says that his nose is somewhat stuffy. Max says that he does not know of anyone around who is ill but that he takes classes in lecture halls with about 100 other students several days a week. His temperature in the office is 101.2°F. Max’s ears are clear upon examination, and his throat is mildly red. His blood pressure is within the normal range, his pulse rate is 104, and his respiratory rate is 20. Max’s lungs are clear to auscultation. Based on Max’s current presentation and symptoms come up with a diagnosis. Discuss the reason for your answer include recommendations or treatments?

Multiple Part question:

A) List the three forces determining the rate of glomerular filtration (write out their full names)

B) under each one, note the materials that are moving through the membrane (be specific)

C) under each one, note which from which compartment to which compartment these materials are moving

Solve the following genetic problems. Show your workout.

1. If the parents are AO (or I^Ai) and BO (or I^Bi) genotypes for the ABO blood group, what are the possible genotypes of their children?

Clue: Blood type is determined by three alleles in humans; I^A (or A allele), I^B (or B allele), i (or O allele). Each individual receives two of these alleles; I^AI^A and I^Ai represent Blood type A; I^BI^B and I^Bi represent blood type B.  I^A and I^B alleles are dominant over allele i.  I^AI^B represents blood type AB (A and B are codominant). Two I alleles (ii) represent O type.

2. In the cross, Bb X Bb, what percentage of the offspring would have the same phenotype as the parents? what percentage of the offspring would have the same genotype as the parents?

3. A female dog with the genotype LlSs mates with a male dog with the genotype llSs.  In dogs, long hair (L) is dominant over short hair (l) and spotted coats (S) are dominant over solid coats (s).  What is the chance of getting a puppy with short hair and a solid coat?  You must show all of your work.

4. Diabetes is a recessive trait. A man and a woman who neither have diabetes each have one parent with the disorder.  If they marry and have children, what are the chances that any of their children will have diabetes? You must show your work.

5. Blue eyes appear to be recessive to dark eyes.  If two-blued people have a child, what are the chances that the child’s eyes will be dark? You must show your work.

1. During atrial fibrillation, what would be the result if all of the electrical impulses from the atria were conducted through the AV node to the ventricles? How would it affect stroke volume? Cardiac output?

Please compose an essay comparing shod and unshod walking and running gait. Please consider the following points to guide your response:

- The effect of cushioning and other footwear features on kinematics and kinetics

- Implications of footwear to improve safety and comfort in certain populations (ie the elderly, children, runners)