what is the difference in the respiratory flow rate of a sprinter and a marathoner?

B. PROTEINS

1. Chemical digestion of proteins by enzymes first begins in the stomach. Name the gastric enzyme that initiates protein digestion. Explain how this enzyme is activated.

2. Pancreatic juice contains enzymes which digest proteins including trypsin and chymotrypsin. Name the ducts in the pathway by which pancreatic juice flows from the pancreas to the duodenum.

3. The products of chemical digestion of dietary proteins are amino acids (protein subunits), which are then absorbed into the bloodstream. Describe 3 ways the body uses these amino acids. In other words, name 3 important proteins (needed by the body to maintain health) which are synthesized using dietary amino acids.

explain how a light stimulus falling on the retina is transduced into a neural signal and transmitted to the higher centre of the brain. Include in your answer a description of the receptors and neural pathways involved.

1. What are the hormonal and physical changes going on in Stephanie during her pregnancy? What is keeping her from menstruating as normal?
2. Describe some of the changes to Stephanie’s body that will take place during the remainder of her pregnancy. Focus on the uterus, skeletal system, and cardiovascular system.
3. What prevents Stephanie’s body from rejecting the new tissue developing in her body that is genetically different from her tissues?

QUESTION 3

1. Biological systems are not as effective if they lack regulation, meaning the ability to regulate certain processes.  We have seen many examples of regulation this semester.   Muscle cell relaxation is highly regulated.  Describe the process(es) by which muscle cells relax and return to their resting length.

QUESTION 1

1. A major theme in human anatomy and physiology is the complementarity of structure and function, meaning that the structure of an organ, for example, will reflect that organ’s ability to function optimally, and vice versa.  Please discuss in detail how the structure of the cell membrane and its unique chemistry are the factors that determine the selectivity of the membrane.  Be specific and be detailed.  A 2 or 3 sentence response will not be considered an adequate response.

Describe assessment of heart function. Describe assessment parameters used for the vascular system, location of peripheral pulses and examination of jugular venous pressure.

Individuals who spend the majority of their day indoors and take no dietary supplements are more susceptible to fractures. Why? Identify two bone diseases you would expect to see in this population. What would you suggest to prevent fractures?

Question 55:

Please indicate the diseases or conditions described in each section below. [5 marks]

(a) Billions of people consume unregulated concentrations of a fungal toxin, an alkylating agent, in their staple foods (corn, ground-nuts, rice). What condition arises from consumption of:

• acute, high doses?                        
• chronic, low doses?                        

(b) What is the painful inflammatory condition that occurs in joints when macrophages phagocytose crystals of a common metabolite?                              

(c) What severe inflammatory condition is characterised by damage to secretory cells or ducts that deliver digestive enzymes (such as lipases) to the gut, and by the precipitation of salts of fatty acids?                               

(d) What potentially lethal body-wide inflammatory state is induced if an injury leads to a large amount of intracellular material being liberated into the bloodstream?                                   

(e) Name chronic inflammatory diseases affecting the gut, associated with dysbiosis, and showing ulceration and fibrosis that:

• may occur at any site in the alimentary canal                        
• are localised to the large intestine:                        

1.While the biceps is contracting, there is no activity in the triceps. True or false

2.As contractile strength increases, ____________ muscle motor units become involved in the contraction. More or ess

3.A maximum strength skeletal muscle contraction can be sustained indefinitely. True or false

Briefly describe the steps involved in the initiation of a contraction in a skeletal muscle fibre. List the steps in the order that they occur. Start with an action potential on the sarcolemma and end with a description about how cross-bridges form. Include details about the intracellular structures and ion/s involved. You should provide 8 pieces of relevant information to obtain 8 marks.

What are the targets for the parasympathetic output? When the parasympathetic system is activated, what happens to the heart? What are the targets for sympathetic output? When the sympathetic system is activated, what TWO things happen to the heart?