Janet is 22, and college student that recently moved out onto her own. She works part time and pays all her own bills. She has been vegan for about 8 months, and likes to go jogging 2-3 times per week. Because of limited finances, she often eats ramen, apples, carrots, whatever bread or pasta is on sale. She avoids going out to eat, and mostly packs her own lunch. She doesn’t usually eat breakfast, and often forgets to drink water during the day, and wonders if this is why she feels fatigued most days. She likes to have friends over to her new place, they often bring drinks, but she never drinks more than 1-2, and she doesn’t think it’s affecting her sleep.

• What might be causing her fatigue? Think of 3 possibilities.
• Did you consider anemia as a possible problem? Consider the possible causes and risk factors for three major types of anemia, could she potentially have one of these? How would anemia be diagnosed?
• What suggestions could you give her in terms of diet changes to correct nutritional deficiencies she may have?

Name three types of dense connective tissue and their features

1. What are anabolic steroids?

2. What are catabolic steroids?

3. Anabolic steroids are primarily used for their anabolic effects on which molecules in which tissues?

4. How does anabolic steroid use affect the release of GnRH?

5. How does this affect GnRH release then lead to low sperm count and shrinking of the testicles?

MAJOR VESSELS OF THE BODY

Unless otherwise indicated, the veins have the same naming of the arteries and are paired with the artery. Most of the exceptions are found with superficial veins in the limbs, or veins in the thorax.

Vessels of the Thorax & Neck:

• Aorta

• Common Carotid A.

• Brachiocephalic V.

• Arch of Aorta
• Subclavian A & V
• Superior Vena Cava

• Brachiocephalic Trunk • External Jugular V.
• Inferior Vena Cava

1. Focus on the difference between the Brachiocephalic TRUNK and the Brachiocephalic VEIN

2. What side of the body does the brachiocephalic trunk supply?

Vessels of the Upper Limb:

• Axillary • Brachial

• Ulnar • Cephalic V.

• Median Cubital V.

• Radial
• Basilic V.

1. What are the 2 superficial veins of the upper limb that drain the skin and do not have paired arteries?

2. Is the Cephalic Vein found on the medial or lateral side of the arm?

Vessels of the Lower Limb:

• Common Iliac •

• Femoral •

• Great Saphenous V. •

Internal Iliac • External Iliac Popliteal • Dorsal Venous Arch Small Saphenous V.

1. What are the 2 superficial veins of the lower limb that drain the skin and do not have paired arteries?

2. Is the Great Saphenous Vein found on the medial or lateral side of the leg?

PLEASE ANSWR ALL OF THE ABOVE.

MUSCLES OF THE LOWER LIMB

With the models available in lab, identify to the best of your ability the indicated structures. Focus on their origin and insertion when examining the muscles to help you better identify their action.

Superficial Gluteal Muscles:

• Gluteus Maximus • Gluteus Medius

• Iliotibial Band/Tract • Fascia Lata

• Gluteus Minimus

1. Which muscles medially rotate the hip?

2. Which muscle is the main hip extensor?

3. How do Gluteus Medius & Minimus function in gait? A weak right Gluteus Medius &

Minimus would result in what?

Deep Gluteal Muscles:

• Piriformis • Superior Gemellus

• Inferior Gemellus • Quadratus Femoris

  1. Which of these muscles is the most superior? Inferior?

  2. What is the main function of all these muscles?

  Anterior Hip Muscles:

• Iliacus • Psoas Major
1. These muscles are the agonist for which action of the hip?

• Obturator Internus

Anterior Thigh Muscles:

• Sartorius •

• Vastus Lateralis •

• Quadriceps Tendon •

Tensor Fascia Latae Vastus Intermedius Patellar Tendon

• Rectus Femoris

• Vastus Medialis

1. Which muscles are collectively known as Quadriceps Femoris?

2. What is the common insertion of the Quadriceps muscles?

3. How would you stretch the Rectus Femoris muscle? Is this different from stretching the other quadriceps muscle? Why?

4. Palpate the patellar tendon and feel it insert onto the tibial tuberosity.

Medial Thigh Muscles:

• Gracilis • Adductor Magnus • Adductor Longus

• Adductor Brevis • Pectineus

  1. All but 1 of these muscles inserts on which bone?

  2. Which of these muscles is deepest (i.e. most posterior from an anterior view)?

  3. Which adductor muscle contributes to the boundaries of the femoral triangle?

  Posterior Thigh Muscles:

• Biceps Femoris • Semitendinosus • Semimembranosus

1. What are all the muscles that insert on the Pes Anserinus?

2. Which Hamstring muscles insert on the medial vs. lateral side of the tibia?

3. Is Semimembranosus or Semitendinosus more superficial?

4. What is the common origin of the Hamstring muscles?

5. A biarticulate muscle is one that crosses and acts on 2 joints. List all the biarticulate

muscles of the thigh.

Anterior Leg Muscles:

• Tibialis Anterior • Extensor Digitorum Longus

1. Do all of these muscles dorsiflex the ankle?

Lateral Leg Muscles:

• Fibularis Longus • Fibularis Brevis

• Extensor Hallucis Longus

1. Which of these muscles is more superficial relative to the fibula?

2. Which muscle inserts on the lateral side of the foot? Medial side?

3. What are the 2 actions these muscles can perform?

Posterior Leg Muscles:

• Gastrocnemius

• Popliteus

• Flexor Hallucis Longus

• Plantaris
• Tibialis Posterior

• Soleus
• Flexor Digitorum Longus

1. Which muscles join together to form the Achilles/calcaneal tendon?

2. Which of these muscles only act on the knee?

3. What is the order of the tendons from anterior to posterior as they pass posterior to

   the medial malleolus?

4. What is the order of the muscle bellies of Tibialis Posterior, FDL, & FHL from medial

to lateral in the posterior leg?

Foot Muscles:

• Extensor Digitorum Brevis

• Abductor Hallucis

• Quadratus Plantae

• Flexor Digiti Minimi

• Extensor Hallucis Brevis

• Flexor Digitorum Brevis

• Adductor Hallucis

• Dorsal Interossei

• Plantar Aponeurosis
• Abductor Digiti Minimi • Flexor Hallucis Brevis • Plantar Interossei

1. Which muscles are found in Layer 3 of the foot? Layer 2?

2. What is unique about Quadratus Plantae?

PLEASE ANSWR ALL OF THE ABOVE. THANKS

explain how polygenic inheritance differs from that resulting from the action of a single pair of alleles. pick a specific way and discuss it. Also, add citation at the end.

summary explaining how chemical signals from the endocrine system drive development of the reproductive system in both sexes. Your summary should include a comparison of this process among males and females. Your summary should be well organized, and should make sense to somebody who doesn’t have the guiding questions in front of them.

In your summary you should address the following questions: What hormones are involved in this process? What cells do these hormones interact with? What effect do the identified hormones have? What additional actions might these hormones have within the body (apart from the reproductive system)?

The Red Cross slogan for blood drive is “Blood Saves Lives”. This is true but there are several hazards that attend blood donation. Current trend is that a patient should be transfused only with the faction of blood that is required such as erythrocytes, platelets, clotting factors etc. Sometimes however, whole blood transfusion is needed. Describe one or two conditions in which blood or only a component of blood is transfused. Explain your answer in the light of what you now know in anatomy and physiology.

REWRITE THIS PROCEDURE IN OWN WORDS

Procedure

1.Set clamp A on the boom to approximately the 40 cm position. Weigh the boom (including the clamp and pin) on the triple-beam balance. Record this weight in gwt on the data sheet as w. Balance the boom on a finger and locate its center of gravity. Mark the center of gravity with a pencil, and erase any other markings on the boom

.2.Assemble the crane approximately as shown in Figure 1. A load of 700 to 1200 g should be applied to the weight holder. One end of the spring balance should be directly attached to the hook on clamp C on the vertical pole. The other end of the spring balance should be attached through a string or loop of string to clamp A on the boom. The top of the weight hanger should be below the lower end of the boom. Adjust clamp C until the string between the balance and the boom is accurately horizontal. Hold a plumb line near that string and look for an equality of the four right angles. The boom should make an angle of between 30o and 60o with the horizontal. If it does not, change the length of string between the balance and clamp A on the boom; then readjust clamp C on the vertical pole until that string is again horizontal.

3.Record the load force L in gwt. Remember to include the weight of the weight hanger along with that of the slotted weights.

4.Momentarily release the tension applied to the spring balance by tilting the boom slightly while supporting the balance in its original position with one hand. Take a zero reading to be used for correcting future readings and record the zero reading of the balance on scratch paper; or alternately adjust the balance until it reads zero. Release the boom; and then pull down on it slightly to slightly increase the reading of the balance. Next, slowly release the force applied to the boom and remove your hands from the apparatus. This procedure will cause the frictional force inside the spring balance to have the same direction when the final reading is taken as when the zero reading was taken. Read the force Smeas from the balance and make any required zero corrections on the reading before recording it on the data sheet.the force Smeas from the balance and make any required zero corrections on the reading before recording it on the data sheet.

1. What are the various categories of intravenous solutions and how are they used?

   1. Isotonic:

   2. Hypotonic:

   3. Hypertonic:

For each of the following hypothetical situations identify which type of muscle tissue would be most affected and what effect you would see in cell/tissue function. Justify your response with an explanation of your reasoning.

A miscoding of the titin protein gene

A miscoding of the calmodulin protein gene

Individuals who receive radiation exposure or chemotherapy may be at increased risk of later developing primary bone cancer (meaning that the cancerous growth starts in the bone). Using your knowledge of the formation of bone and the overall function of skeletal tissue in the body, explain why this is not surprising.

2. Upper Digestive Tract

(C) Discuss the components of the "mouth" and include one usual abnormal finding