If someone is over-hydrated, how can the body respond to correct the fluid/electrolyte imbalance? Include which hormone(s) would be secreted/or inhibited to correct the imbalance, and describe exactly how these hormones fix the imbalance.

What is the sequence of events taking place in the plantar reflex, naming the sensory and motor neurons, and the muscles involved in this reflex.

Case Study

Neurologic System: Chronic

Case Study: Parkinson's Disease

approx 30 min

Mr. Nimmo, age 66, has noticed excessive fatigue, muscle aches, and weakness in his legs for some time. His hands were shaking slightly, although his wife reported that the shaking appeared to stop when he fell asleep. Some unintentional head movements were also apparent. He remembers that his grandfather died in his mid-60s after suffering for years from a condition with similar symptoms. After several tests and the elimination of some other neuromuscular conditions, a diagnosis of Parkinson's disease was made for Mr. Nimmo.

Q1 : Discuss the pathophysiology of Parkinson’s disease and how it differs from other neuromuscular conditions affecting older adults.

Q2: Discuss the usual progression of the disease as the pathophysiology develops further. Indicate additional manifestations that will be noticeable.

Q3: Describe the complications that frequently develop, including the rationale for each and the early indications of each problem.

Q4: Discuss the treatments available to this patient.

The structures of the cochlea are responsible for ___, whereas the structures of the saccule and utricle are responsible for ____ equilibrium, and semicircular canals and ampulla are responsible for ____ equilibrium.

Jeremy's trainer should have taken a physiology class. If he had, he would know that the use of steroids (in addition to other problems) actually increases_____________________, which is counterproductive to improving bone density.

a. testosterone

b. estrogen

c. calcitonin

d. parathyroid hormone

In prokaryotes, transcription and translation takes place in the _________________________.

In Eukaryotes, transcription takes place in _______________________.

The regions of genes that code for proteins are called _____________________.

The regions of genes that do not code for proteins are called _____________________.

6. Mutation p.191, 10^th ed.

What is a mutation? _____________________________________________________________________

What is the difference between Spontaneous mutation and induced mutation?

Protein Synthesis – Kinds of RNA

5. List the three types of RNA and describe an important property of each:

DNA Replication

4. The enzyme that break the hydrogen bonds of the 2 DNA strands: _____________________

     The enzyme that builds the new DNA strand complementary to the original DNA is called ____________________.

     Short DNA segments called Okazaki fragments are joined together by the enzyme called ____________________.

3. List the three molecular processes involved in the transfer of DNA and describe each.

   a.)

   b.)

   c.)

1. What is a nucleoid? -________________________________________________________

Describe supercoiling. ________________________________________________________________

List one purpose of supercoiling in bacteria. ___________________________________________

The average microbial genome size is ________________________________.

=

2. DNA structure of Prokaryotes vs. Eukaryotes

Organization of chromosomes in Prokaryotes and Eukaryotes:

4. A researcher studying synaptic transmission in a glutamatergic hippocampal neuron measures calcium flow in the postsynaptic hippocampal neuron after either low or high intensity stimulation to the presynaptic neuron. Predict the results of the different stimulations.

A. There will be an efflux calcium after high intensity stimulation.

B. There will be an influx calcium after low intensity stimulation.

C. There will be an influx calcium after both types of stimulation (stimulation occurs at separate times, not together).

D. There will be an efflux calcium after low intensity stimulation.

E. There will be an influx calcium after high intensity stimulation.

Name and describe 5 function of the liver

Neurotransmitter System Questions:

1. Comment on disorders wherein there is a change in the dopaminergic system. Give the change that is observed.

2. What drugs typically target the dopamine system? What effect do these drugs have on the brain?

3. Several drugs target the serotonin system. What effects do these drugs have on the brain?

Answer any one of them would help!!!

QUESTION 1
When performing the urease test, the agar changes from blue to green if the organism is producing urease.
True
False

Macroscopic examination of the bacterial unknown can provide all the following except
       Colony morphology
       Growth patterns in broth
       Oxygen requirements
       Temperature preference
       Cell arrangement and shape of individual bacteria

Genotypic testing can be used to identify the presence or absence of a specific species of bacteria from a mixed sample.
True
False

QUESTION 5
All the following tests are commonly performed when identifying an unknown, gram-negative rod except
       Oxidase test
       IMViC tests
       Nitrate reduction
       Bile esculin hydrolysis
       Carbohydrate fermentation profiles

A patient presents with a weak grip. He does not have any history of injury to his upper limb. While this could be a local problem following an injury to the upper limb, it could just as easily be damage to the spinal nerve resulting from an injury to his neck, causing pressure on one or more roots of the brachial plexus. The weakness may not be muscle weakness (such as from disuse), but lack of innervation to the hand; these present similarly. Your task will be to understand the anatomy of this region and possible sources of impairment that present similarly. With a good understanding of anatomy, the correct source can be identified.

What information can be gained from a passive assessment and an active assessment of joint motion?

Do arthrokinematics differ from glenohumeral external rotation with the humerus in neutral versus the humerus in abducted to 90 degrees? Explain your answer.