EACH STATEMENT IS A T/F QUESTION PLEASE ANSWER ALL 12

Pulmonary function limits physical performance because transit time through the pulmonary capillaries is reduced to 0.4 seconds during maximal exercise which is not enough time for complete oxygenation of the blood.

Oxygen binds to the globin portion of the hemoglobin molecule.

HCO3- diffuses out to plasma at tissue level and chloride (Cl-) into the RBC, known as chloride shift.

Carbonic anhydrase is present in the RBC and catalyzes the formation of lactate.

During exercise, tidal volume does not change relative to tidal volume at rest

Alveoli are the lung structure where gas exchange takes place.

Partial pressure of a specific gas affects the driving force behind that gas.

The immediate and largest increase in ventilation during exercise is due to changes to chemistry of arterial blood.

An increase in pH is in part responsible for the Bohr effect.

Inhalation is an active process, it involves contraction of the diaphragm.

Cooperative binding refers to the ease at which O2 binds to Hb with each subsequent O2.

HCO3- (bicarbonate) accounts for the majority of CO2 transport.

After having read the chapter on Health and Medicine, think about the 'complementary/alternative' approaches to medicine mentioned in the text. Answer the following questions:

1. Do you think that we will see a wider acceptance of these methods in mainstream 'medicine' in the near future? (Whatever your answer, focus on one of the types of alternative medicine and explain WHY you think we will or will not see it more widely accepted)

2. What do you think contributes to the 'slowness of acceptance' of these methods in mainstream North American culture? Identify and explain please.

Explain why maximal wrist extension is not passive insufficiency of the muscles generating grip force. Since this is not an example of passive insufficiency, explain why maximal wrist extension is generally not the ideal wrist position for generating maximum grip force.

How does heat exchange occur across the walls of capillaries? Specifically, how are certain veins/arteries/capillaries cooler or warmer than other ones? How does the body regulate that to make certain parts hotter or cooler?

explain the reasoning of sending a lymph node biopsy from removal of a lump on a womans breast to the pathology lab for microscopic analysis evaluation

? what is the rational for reducing dietary salt for patients with high blood pressure?

to measure blood pressure, what artery would you most commonly use and why?

calculate the IRV of an individual with a vital capacity of 4,400ml, and ERV of 1,300mL and a tidal volume of 500ML

Trace a breath of air from the external nares through the respiratory system to the alveolar sacs

how would you expect the blood pressure changes afther excercise vary from people who are in shape versus those who are out of shape

THIS IS ANATOMY 2 Class

Antipsychotic drugs, such as haloperidol and chlorpromazine, block activity at dopamine synapses. Discuss any side effects that antipsychotics might also have on sexual behavior.

Describe the Aerobic Glycolysis and its function in the cell?

Identify the antagonist muscles that are activated during the following resistance training exercises:

Lying neck flexion

Lateral neck flexion

Dead bugs

Bicycle crunch

Create a simple chart with the similarities and differences between the endocrine system and the nervous system. The chart should contain at least 5 items that highlight components of both systems and how those components function

O. M. is a 6-year-old child at a freestanding emergency room. Per the mother, O.M. is complaining of being tired, sleeping at night with several naps in the day, and her appetite is decreasing. The mother reports an uneventful pregnancy and delivery; O.M. has met her milestones, and immunizations are up to date. Her parents and younger brother are healthy. Paternal grandfather died of colorectal cancer in his 70s. She has no medical history and has no medication.  

All vital signs are normal except for an elevated heart rate and she is minimally underweight.

All assessment findings are normal with the exception of:

·        Skin pale but warm and dry

·        Bruising over the buttocks and left flank

·        Noted oral mucous membranes with petechiae

·         Mild enlarged, cervical, submaxillary, inguinal nodes

·        Presence of hepatosplenomegaly

Blood work:

Hemoglobin decreased

Hematocrit decreased

RBC count decreased

WBC 13,100/mm3

Neutrophils 58%

WBC differential identifies 11% are blast cells

Platelet count 30,000/mm3

PT/PTT normal

Later results:

Bone marrow aspirate: 94% blast cells, 3% erythroblasts, 3% all other cells.

Reverse Transcriptase - Polymerase Chain Reaction: positive TEL-AMI fusion gene. No other abnormality.

Chest x-ray: Normal

Lumbar puncture: Cerebral spinal fluid normal

Immunology: positive for cytoplasmic µ heavy chain protein

1.      Explain why O.M. is underweight (other than decreased appetite). Use pathophysiology or physiological phenomenon to explain your answer.

2.  When you read the case did you suspect acute lymphoblastic leukemia (ALL) or something else? Explain.

3.Explain the abnormality of TEL-AMI fusion gene and specify which cells are affected, T-cells or B-cells.

4 Explain why the red blood cell count, hemoglobin, and hematocrit levels are low. Use pathophysiology or physiological phenomenon to explain your answer.

5.Explain what is occurring with the white blood cell count and differential. Use pathophysiology or physiological phenomenon to explain your answer.

What is the glomerulus, and what happens here? How is the glomerulus, the afferent arteriole, the efferent arteriole, and the peritubular capillaries associated with the nephron?

During cell division, DNA undergoes replication. DNA is transcribed into mRNA and the genetic code is translated into a polypeptide sequence. Out of these three processes, which is most likely to be the site a deletion, frameshift, insertion missense, nonsense, point and silent mutation or alteration occurred? Explain why you have chosen this process. 15 marks

The immune response to any virus is similar to the one you've mapped out in your flow chart. HIV is an infection that targets and kills helper T cells. Explain why HIV leads to AIDS, or acquired immunodeficiency syndrome, where the immune system is non-functional. Be sure you discuss APCs, helper T cells, cytotoxic T cells and B cells in your answer.