How do you interpret the following statement: “The eye is considered by some to be an extension of the brain because of the complex structure of the retina and the huge amount of neural processing that occurs at the retinal level.” 400 words min

A nurse is caring for a patient with anoxia (lack of oxygen) to the brain because of a drug overdose. The patient is unresponsive to external stimuli (pressure, pain, speaking to the patient). The patient is mechanically intubated to provide oxygen and ventilation support. What are the potential complications of altered brain function? Provide three examples of brain function and the altered effects on the body's systems (what happens when brain function is not working properly). Explain how this occurs (pathophysiology) and discuss why each is a problem. What are the differences between decerebrate and decorticate posturing?

1) Starting from deoxygenated blood returning to the heart, place the following steps in order as blood passes through the heart:

      -       1.       2.       3.       4.       5.       6.       7.         

blood passes through the tricuspid valve   

blood exits the left ventricle via the aortic valve

oxygenated blood enters the heart via the pulmonary veins

blood is carried to the body via the aorta

blood passes from the left atrium into the left ventricle

blood enters the right atrium

blood leaves the right ventricle through the pulmonary valve

2)

Which of the following is correct regarding the cardiovascular system?

3)

The main difference between the pulmonary circuit and the systemic circuit of the heart is that in the pulmonary circuit:

1. How are sound waves transmitted through the outer, middle, and inner ears?

2. Distinguish between the osseous and membranous labyrinths.

3. Describe the spiral organ.

In at least 12-15 sentences, please explain why it is not always possible for epidemiologists to use an experimental design such as the RCT to test a hypothesis about an exposure on humans. Also as part of this, please use at least one scholarly(peer reviewed) journal article to substantiate your views.

Last weekend I tried to water ski for the first time in my life. I ended up with a sprained lower back? What organ systems have suffered damage? [with citations ]

A patient comes into the hospital complaining of severe pain in the right side of her abdomen. A nurse palpates her right region and notes the location of the pain on the chart as  being the RLQ. What possible organs could be the source of the pain? [with citation]

You are told to dissect a pig into two equal left and right halves.  What plane would your incision be in? [with citations ]

A construction worker fell off a building and landed on a vertical steel rod. The rod was said to have ruptured his left pleural membrane. The man is also complaining of congestion in his chest. What organs are immediately affected by this rupture? What do you expect would draining into his thoracic cavity, what term describes this condition?[ with citations ]

EPIDEMIOLOGY QUESTIONS

1.) Scenario: Substance A has an associated increased health risk of 20% and the increased risk associated with substance B is 15%. When studied together, the increased risk associated with being exposed to both substance A in conjunction with substance B is 70%.

Question:   Is the health risk associated with this combination of substances synergistic? (i.e., Does it demonstrate synergy?)

2.) In at least 10-12 sentences, please explain your answer to the previous question on synergy. Be sure to support your answer with relevant information. Be sure to define basic terms and explain the relevance of your finding. Also, illustrate your answer with an appropriate mathematical example using substance A and B based on the data provided in the previous question!

3.) In at least 12-15 sentences, please explain why it is not always possible for epidemiologists to use an experimental design such as the RCT to test a hypothesis about an exposure on humans. Also as part of this, please use at least one scholarly(peer reviewed) journal article to substantiate your views.

1. Pick 4 glands, outline all of the hormones released, the target of each hormone, the stimulus (what causes it to be released), and the action of the hormone on the target.

2. Discuss the process of hemostasis and blood clotting

explain how the structure of the epithelium and muscularis of the small intestine ,stomach and esophagus follow there function

In at least 400 of your own words, explain how the endocrine and nervous systems work together. Next, describe the digestive process for proteins, carbohydrates, and lipids.     

Discuss in details, and in your own words, the steps of protein synthesis. This is a 20 point assignment so answers like "step 1 is transcription and step 2 is translation" are NOT acceptable. Make sure you go into details of each step and use your own words.

Case study

8-year old girl with recurrent infections caused by Streptococcus pyogenes and Hemophilus influenza was admitted to the hospital following a 5-day sinus infection. Her mother noted that she had developed a productive cough and high fever. Her white blood cell count was 3200/ul (normal count 5000-9000/ul). 25% percent of her white cells were neutrophils (very low), 40% were lymphocytes (normal), and 29% were monocytes (elevated, normal 2 to 8%). A serum test revealed that her IgG level was 35 mg/dl (normal 600-1500 mg/dl), IgA was undetectable (normal 150-225 mg/dl) and her IgM level was 210 mg/dl (normal 75-150 mg/dl). A flow cytometric analysis of her peripheral blood cells revealed that all of her B cells were IgM⁺, IgD⁺.

1. Explain the fact the all patient’s B cells were IgM+, IgD+.

Case study

8-year old girl with recurrent infections caused by Streptococcus pyogenes and Hemophilus influenza was admitted to the hospital following a 5-day sinus infection. Her mother noted that she had developed a productive cough and high fever. Her white blood cell count was 3200/ul (normal count 5000-9000/ul). 25% percent of her white cells were neutrophils (very low), 40% were lymphocytes (normal), and 29% were monocytes (elevated, normal 2 to 8%). A serum test revealed that her IgG level was 35 mg/dl (normal 600-1500 mg/dl), IgA was undetectable (normal 150-225 mg/dl) and her IgM level was 210 mg/dl (normal 75-150 mg/dl). A flow cytometric analysis of her peripheral blood cells revealed that all of her B cells were IgM⁺, IgD⁺.

1. Provide a possible diagnostic for the patient.