Valve stenosis (“narrowing”) is a disorder characterised by stiffening of the heart valve flaps. It can occur as a congenital defect, a consequence of prolonged calcium ion imbalance, or an infection. Patients experiencing valve stenosis often have obstructed blood flow that requires surgical intervention.

Think about how the blood flow would be disrupted as it passes each of the heart valves if they were stiff.

What happens to the heart over all?

Multiple sclerosis (MS) is an autoimmune disorder in which the immune system destroys myelin sheaths surrounding axons. Which aspect of nerve transmission would be most affected by MS?

1)     What is the main activity of the colon?

1. Reabsorbing water from the guts into the circulatory system

2. Absorbing water from the circulatory system to excrete from the body

3. Absorbing cellulose and glucose into the circulatory system

4. Absorbing amino acids and cellulose into the circulatory system

5. Killing off bacteria on the digested food

2)     Which of the following is important in inflammation?

1. Contraction of actin, myosin, and thrombosthenin

2. Increased permeability of capillaries

3. Activation of platelets

4. Antibody activation

5. Superoxide and hydrogen peroxide

3)     When oxygen-rich blood passes through a capillary bed in poorly-oxygenated tissue, what happens?

1. Hemoglobin delivers carbon dioxide to the tissue and picks up oxygen waste

2. Hemoglobin changes shape and much of the oxygen unbinds from the hemoglobin

3. Hemoglobin leaves the capillary and enters the tissue to deliver oxygen

4. Hemoglobin enters the capillary to carry carbon dioxide away from the tissue

5. Hemoglobin changes shape and most of the carbon dioxide unbinds from the hemoglobin

4)     If a person with type-O blood (the host) receives blood from a type-A donor, what are the consequences?

1. There is no clotting because there are no antigens on the donor’s type-A blood

2. Both A and B are true

3. The type-A donor blood clots because of the anti-B antibodies in the host’s body

4. The type-A donor blood clots because of the anti-A antibodies in the host’s body

5. There is no clotting because there are no antibodies in the host’s type-O blood

5)     Which of the following statements best explains how the amount of water inside alveoli remains small?

1. The lymphatic system drains fluids from the alveoli

2. There are large amounts of proteins in the water inside the alveoli, which dilutes the water

3. There are large amounts of proteins in the interstitium, causing water to leave alveoli via osmosis

4. The fluid in the alveoli is passed into the esophagus

5. The question is wrong; the alveoli have large amounts of water in them

6)     Which of the following statements about hydrochloric acid in the stomach is FALSE?

1. Begins the process of breaking down fats

2. Kills many pathogens that enter the stomach

3. It is responsible for activating pepsinogen into pepsin

4. Its production results in an increase in bicarbonate in the blood

5. Denatures proteins in the stomach

7)     A protein designed to attach to one kind of invading structure (protein, carbohydrate, or other structure or chemical that identifies the invader) is:

1. Lymphocyte

2. Rh factor

3. Antibody

4. Antigen

5. Lysosome

8)     Which of the following statements about T-lymphocytes is true?

1. They are responsible for manufacturing antibodies

2. Some kinds of T-lymphocytes bind to invaders, puncture them, and poison them

3. They are manufactured in the bone marrow

4. Each T-lymphocyte can react to dozens of different antigens

5. They are related to humoral immunity, and not cell-mediated immunity

9)     When an action potential is inhibited, which of the following statements describes the voltage change?

1. Neurotransmitters are not produced in adequate amounts to carry on an action potential

2. Sodium ions are drawn into the axon and not released

3. Too much neurotransmitter is produced, causing the action potential to damage the axon

4. A greater voltage change is required because the resting voltage is unusually negative

5. A smaller voltage change is required because the resting voltage is close to zero

10)   Which of the following type of white blood cells (leukocytes) moves via amoeboid locomotion?

1. Erythrocytes

2. Lymphocyte

3. Basophils

4. Platelets

5. Macrophages

11)   When a person sees a car driving on the road, and simultaneously hears the motor, the two sensory inputs can be combined to form a more complete understanding of the situation. This is an example of:

1. Afferent and efferent interaction

2. Chemosensitivity

3. Partial pressure

4. Integrative function

5. Facilitation

12)   During exercise, the blood flow to the lungs increases by:

1. Decreased pressure in the pulmonary arteries

2. Greater pressure from the left ventricle of the heart

3. Greater number of open capillaries

4. More rapid contractions of the diaphragm

5. Slow, strong contraction of the diaphragm

Describe how the body makes proteins and uses them to perform various roles

1. Plants and animals both have to deal with water balance and removal of toxins or solutes from their bodies. Explain how these materials are removed from the body in plants and animals and how water is conserved when necessary. Compare and contrast their processes.

Gina, a 44-year-old mother of eight children, visited her physician complaining of a “bearing down” sensation in her pelvis, low backache, and urinary incontinence. A vaginal examination showed that the external os of her cervix was just inside the vaginal orifice and her perineum exhibited large keloids(masses of scar tissue). Her history revealed that she was a member of a commune located in the nearby mountains that shunned hospital births (if at all possible).What do you think Gina’s problem is and what caused it? (try to be anatomically specific)

what nerve fibre types would be only found in a muscular branch of a peripheral nerve? GSA?

Goiters are caused by excessive stimulation of the thyroid gland.

a) Explain why an individual with hyperthyroidism may develop a goiter

b) Explain why an individual with hypothyroidism may develop a goiter

Objective 1:

You run a transcriptome analysis and find that Lis1 is a gene that is has a loss-of-function mutation more often in ASD patients compared to non-ASD controls. You would like to understand how this mutation manifests in a rodent model.

1. Please describe what ‘loss-of-function’ means.

              Loss-of-function means that this Lis1 gene’s product (protein) will have less to no function at all. With less function, the gene product will only be partially inactivated, but with complete loss of function it is amorphic.

2. Please describe how you can examine the effects of decreased Lis1 function in mice at the RNA and protein levels.

I need help with the 2nd portion of this question. She is basically asking how you would measure changes in RNA and changes in protein, but I am not sure what the best method would be to do either one of these. Qpcr?

34. Following diagnosis with pancreatic cancer, Neil had a large portion of his pancreas removed. All of the following will now be found in lower amounts in Neil's GI tract, except one. Which of the following will NOT be affected?

A.Bile salts

B.Amylase

C.Trypsinogen

D.Bicarbonate ions

36. When is insulin secreted?

A. When blood glycogen is low

B. When blood glycogen is raised

C. When blood glucose is raised

D. When blood glucose is low

29. Which of the following statements about the circulatory system is false? A. Blood in the pulmonary vein is deoxygenated. B. Blood in the pulmonary artery is deoxygenated. C. Blood in the inferior vena cava is deoxygenated. D. Blood in the aorta is oxygenated.

John lacerates his radial artery while cutting a bagel. He loses approximately one-fourth of his blood volume before arriving at the hospital. What physiological responses do you expect in response to this blood loss?

Choose one of the organ systems and determine the subject of homework. For the introduction part of the assignment, you
can define the organ systems in general. Explain the organ system of your choice in detail.