Communication by the nervous system depends on the flow of information through chains of neurons that are functionally connected by synapses. The most common synapse in the human body is the chemical synapse.

1. Define chemical synapse. 3 points
2. Describe the chain of events that occur at a chemical synapse. (HINT: Your answer should begin with an action potential arriving at an axon terminal.) 5 points
3. What events account for the synaptic delay? 2 points
4. Give one example of a chemical synapse that we have discussed in BIOL 2120K. 3 points

Covid-19 virus is primarily affecting certain respiratory organs and causing tissue damage. From your study in the anatomy and physiology of the respiratory system, discuss the changes in the anatomical structures and physiological functions that is causing death. .

A reaction between RBC and oxygen will produce deoxygenated blood.

Select one:

a. T

b. F

The function of the fibrinogen is for blood clotting.

Select one:

a. F

b. T

Human heart:

Select one:

a. As a role all arteries in the body carry oxygenated blood and all veins carry de-oxygenated blood.

b. Right side of the heart contains oxygenated blood.

c. Left side of the heart contains oxygenated blood.

d. In the fetus, foramen ovale as a normal opening between the left and right ventricles.

The gall bladder :

Select one:

a. The bile has strong acid PH.   

b.  Produces the bile for fat digestion.

c. It is the largest gland in the body.

d. It has neck, body and fundus.

The trachea connects the naso-oral opening with the lungs.

Select one:

a. F

b. T

The mouth of adults is also called the buccal cavity which contains 32 pairs of teeth for food maceration.

Select one:

a. F

b. T

The respiratory system :

Select one:

a. The diaphragm separates the left lung from the right lung.

b. The pharynx is commonly called the throat that connects the nasal cavity and mouth superiorly to the larynx and esophagus inferiorly.  

c. Taste buds are located in the nasal cavity.

d. Left side human lung contains three lobes while the right lung contains two lobes.

The liver has four lobes.

Select one:

a. F

b. T

The urinary system:

Select one:

a. Urine is usually formed by the urinary bladder.

b. Erythropoietin is a hormone produce by the kidney cells that increases the production of red blood cells by the bone marrow.

c. The right kidney is larger than the left kidney due to stomach pressure.

d. The kidney has three distinct regions: the medulla is the most superficial region, the cortex located deep to the medulla and the renal pelvis.

The mandible is also called the upper jaw.

Select one:

a. F

b. T

The intestine

Select one:

a.  Absorption most of the digested food take places in the large intestine.

b. The small intestine contains large number of villi that is covered by epithelial tissues for absorption and digestion of food.

c. The small intestine consists of ilium, duodenum and rectum.

d.  The large intestine consists of colon, caecum and jejunum.

The pancreas :

Select one:

a. It is endocrine and exocrine gland.

b. Islets of Langerhans produce enzyme lipase for lipid digestion.

c. Alfa cells of the pancreas produce insulin for sugar metabolism.

d. Left side lobe is larger than the right side lobe.

When B cells encounter antigens and produce antibodies against them, this is called Active humoral immunity.

Select one:

a. F

b. T

Blood is not coagulated inside human blood vessels because of:

Select one:

a. The anticoagulant oxalate is secreted by the kidneys to prevent blood coagulation in the blood vessels.

b.  Heparin is a natural anticoagulant that inhibits the intrinsic pathway of coagulation.

c. The liver secretes EDTA to the blood that prevents blood clotting.

d. Presence of erythropoietin hormone secreted by the kidneys prevent blood coagulation.

38. Shortly after fertilization has occurred, the ovum undergoes a number of mitotic divisions that

transforms it into a ____________, this stage of development occurs in the _________

A) Trophoblast: Endometrium

B) Blastocele: Ovaries

C) Morula: Fallopian Tube

D: Chorian: Uterus

E) Ovary: Amnion

41. The presence of both dihydrotestosterone and __________ in the fetus will further the development of

the _________ into the male reproductive tract.

A) Estrogen: Wolffian ducts

B) Mullerian-promoting substance : Mullerian ducts

C) Wolffian-promoting substance: Wolffian ducts

D) Wolffian-inhibiting substance : Mullerian ducts

E) Mullerian-inhibiting substance : Wolffian ducts

42. Which of the following is not a function of granulosa cells?

A) Secreting chemical messengers that target the oocytes

B) Transporting nutrients to the oocyte’s interior

C) Secreting a protein called inhibin

D) Serving as an intermediary between the oocytes and sperm

E) All of the above are functions of granulosa cells

Nervous System, Circulatory System, Immune System.

• How the three systems work together to maintain homeostasis
  • This will include the organs that work together
  • How the organs work together
  • The homeostatic system that is being maintained
    • Type of feedback system
    • Parts of the feedback system (be specific)

identify five things that you, as PSW, could have done to help Yetta and her family adjust to her decrease in appetite

Compare and contrast the definitions of exercise, physical activity, physical education, physical fitness, and sport. How are they interrelated and does one supersede another?

1.- Describe how the radius and ulna attach to and rotate around the humerus when the elbow flexes.

2.- List all the bones in your thumb from proximal to distal. Do the same for your pinky finger. what is the difference?

Choose two infectious disease processes that either affect ventilation, oxygenation or perfusion. Describe in detail how the infectious process affects the lungs in each selected disease process. Focus on how the infections can cause problems with ventilation, gas exchange/diffusion across the alveoli, and oxygenation. Of the two infectious disease processes chosen, list the risk factors for each that predispose the patient to the infectious disease process. What are the complications of each disease process if left untreated?

In healthy people, pulmonary venous blood has a PO2 about 5 mmHg lower than is seen in the alveoli, which is mainly caused by:

competition with CO2 diffusion.

asthma.

diffuse interstitial fibrosis.

ventilation-perfusion inequalities.

pulmonary edema.

What does increasing sympathetic tone do to the respiratory system?

1. Describe the dynamics of forced breathing (exercise)

2. Describe the effects of CO₂ and O₂ and pH on breathing.

3. What is ventilation-perfusion coupling?

4. Describe how CO₂ and O₂ are transported in blood. When describing carbon dioxide transport use the equations to describe the process at the lungs and at the tissues.

5. Describe using pressure gradients the diffusion of respiratory gases in internal respiration and external respiration.

6. Draw the hemoglobin-saturation curves (on the same graph) demonstrating non-exercise vs. exercise conditions.