Which of the following results in an increased osmotic gradient along the renal medulla?

Select one:

a. Administration of a diuretic drug that inhibits sodium reabsorption by the ascending limb

b. Drinking a liter of water

c. A low glomerular filtration rate (e.g., 40 mL/min)

d. Long loops of Henle

e. Low dietary protein intake

Using the graphic organizer below, compare and contrast Type I, Type II, and Type III diabetes. Place at least 3 things that they all have in common in the center and at least 3 differences between them in the outer sections. Diabetes Type

Similarities to other types

Type1

1) 2) 3)

Type2

1) 2) 3)

Type3 (gestational)

1) 2) 3)

Differences from other types

Type1

1) 2) 3)

Type2

1) 2) 3)

Type3 (gestational)

1) 2) 3)

Table 1. Initial Testing- Urine and Blood

Swallowing- Case Study

Sarah Miller is a 48 yo female who admitted to the ED with right hemiparesis, dysarthria and a reflexive cough while taking small sips of water. MRI of the brain confirmed an MCA distribution stroke. A bedside swallow evaluation was ordered which revealed the following: R facial droop with moderately dysarthric speech. Tongue deviates to the right on protrusion. Lips strength is moderately impaired. Palpation of larynx/hyoid during a dry swallow revealed mildly reduced laryngeal elevation/excursion. Vocal quality is soft and breathy. Unable to complete diakochokinetic rate due to poor approximation and coordination of movements.

1.   Name 3 cranial nerves you think could be damaged and explain why?

2.   What indications (ie symptoms) do you subjectively consider based on the patient?s presentation (prior to initiating the exam) just based off of what you see, hear and have read about the medical history?

3.   What does the inability to complete the diadochokinetic rate tell you about the patient?s speech/swallow deficits?

explain the development of necrosis in tuberculosis in detail (use words, macrophage, mycobacterium, mycelia acid, phagocytosis, granuloma, caseous)

1. Describe the formation, function, and fate of the corpus luteum. Also, describe the changes that occur in the endometrium during the luteal phase.

a. Describe the two mechanisms that have been proposed to explain the rise in sex steroid secretion that occurs at puberty. Explain the possible effects of body fat and intense the positive role of melatonin in reproduction.

physiology

Answers can be explained thoroughly in jot note format or paragraphs.

Gastrointestinal System

4. Describe how carbohydrate is being digested and absorbed within the human gastrointestinal tract.  

Physiology

Answers can be explained thoroughly in jot note format or paragraphs.

Reproductive System

3. Describe the journey of the formation of a Graafian follicle starting from the primordial germ cell.  

Select all of the true statements:

When we are at rest, are both branches of the ANS active at the same time with each exhibiting variable degrees of stimulation such that one is more dominant than the other, OR is only one branch of the ANS completely active while the other is completely shut off? Explain.

A 70-year old diabetic woman came into the ER with a fever of 104°F, chills, and labored breathing. She produced thick sputum flecked with blood. The woman reported a recent history of a mild cold to the examining physician. A chest X-ray revealed extensive infiltration in the lower lobes of both lungs. The sputum was collected for microscopy and culture on blood agar. The gram-stain revealed gram-positive diplococcic and muccoid colonies with no hemolysis on the blood agar.

7. From the information given how can the causative bacterium be identified?

8. What virulence factor allows this bacterium to be more invasive?

A 20-year old college student who lives on campus was recently back home visiting his parents. His mother, who had attempted to awaken him the next morning, but had found him listless and difficult to rouse, brought him to the emergency room. Upon questioning by the attending physician, the mother reported that he had complained of a headache, stiff neck, and fever the day he arrived home. An examination of the patient revealed purpuric skin lesions on his chest and abdomen, a fever of 103°F, and low blood pressure (hypotension).

13. What would be your presumptive diagnosis for this patient?

14. What is the causative organism?

15.What diagnostic test & result would indicate a positive (confirmatory) diagnosis?

16.What populations are most at risk for contracting this disease

A few days following a severe sore throat, a young child developed a red, papular rash with a sandpaper texture on the chest, which spread across most of her body. Although her cheeks were red, the area around her mouth appeared white. Her tongue developed a white coating, which desquamated (skin peeled off), producing a “strawberry tongue” appearance.

17. What is the name of the disease?

18.  What is the name of the causative bacterium

19. What virulence factor led to the development of this disease?

20. What is the mechanism of action of this virulence factor? (how does it work)

A 4-year-old child was taken to the doctor with high fever, runny nose, watery eyes, and a cough. Upon examination the doctor noted tiny white spots on the inside of the child’s cheek and a raised red rash along the child’s hairline, neck, and trunk. A throat swab tested negative on a rapid strep test and was negative for culturable bacteria. Upon speaking with the mother the doctor found out the child had not received the MMR vaccine.

22. What is the likely diagnosis?

23. Which symptom(s) of the child is characteristic of this disease? What is the proper name of this symptom?

24. How can this disease be treated?

Mary is a healthy 3-year-old child living in Central Texas. She spends 4 days a week at daycare while her parents work. The daycare calls and she has developed a low-grade fever of 101-102. The fever persists for the next 4 days. She also is drowsy and complains that her head and tummy hurt and she does not want to eat. The parents call the doctor and he recommends Tylenol and fluids, keep the fever down and her body hydrated. By the fifth day her parents noticed that Mary has developed a rash on her head and chest that is spreading to her back. The lesions are red and raised and some even contain fluid. Mary’s parents become concerned and bring her to their primary care physician for a diagnosis.

25. Based on the information given, what is your initial diagnosis?

26. Will the organism be cleared from Mary's body

27. What disease is Mary at risk for developing later in life as a result of this infection?

28. What is the best way to prevent this disease

An infant born at 36 weeks' gestation and weighing 4.2 lbs was noted at birth to have congenital heart defects, hyperpigmented skin lesions, cataracts, swelling of the brain, and fluid around the heart. Hearing impairment was suspected after the infant failed a hearing screening test before hospital discharge. The mother, in her late 20s, was from urban Tanzania. She reported having received all of her childhood vaccinations in Tanzania, but rubella-containing vaccine had not been part of the routine vaccination schedule. She had no prenatal care in Tanzania. She reported having a rash around the time of her first missed menstrual period while in Tanzania. After the mother arrived in the United States approximately 46 days later she developed a varicella-like rash. She visited several clinics but no molecular tests were done to confirm the cause of her rash.

33. What is your diagnosis for the child?

34.. What is your diagnosis of the mother?

35. What is the best treatment for this child?

36.What is the best way to prevent this disease in unborn children?

Describe the 4 main ligaments and 2 cartilaginous structures of the knee. Include: The location, function and tissue type of each structure.

1.Explain how carbonic acid and bicarbonate are formed in the blood and the functions they serve.

2. Define the terms acidosis and alkalosis, and explain how they relate to hypoventilation and hyperventilation.

3. Explain how ventilation is adjusted to help maintain acid-base balance.

The endocrine system consists of several different glands, pineal, thyroid, adrenal glands, and the gonads (ovaries for women, and testes for men). Please answer the question: which of these glands do you believe is most important? Explain why and defend your answer. Your response should be a minimum of 100 words, with in-text citations and references.