2. Depolarization is caused by:
   1. K+ diffusing out of the neuron
   2. K+ being pumped out of the neuron
   3. Na+ being pumped into the neuron
   4. Na+ diffusing into the neuron

3. Hyperpolarization:
   1. can be caused after neurotransmitters bind to postsynaptic neurons
   2. means the neuron’s internal environment is even more positively charged than usual
   3. can be caused by sodium ion gated channels being open
   4. each of the above is correct

4. Typically, an unmyelinated small diameter axon would have:
   1. a faster speed of action potential transmission than a myelinated small diameter axon
   2. a slower speed of action potential transmission than an unmyelinated large diameter axon
   3. the same speed of action potential transmission as an unmyelinated large diameter axon
   4. none of the above is correct

5. Several neurons each releasing a subthreshold level of neurotransmitter, all at one time, leading to an action potential in a postsynaptic neuron is an example of:
   1. hyperpolarization
   2. spatial summation
   3. temporal summation
   4. none of the above is correct

5. Depolarization causes:
   1. the interior side of the membrane to become more negative
   2. voltage-gated sodium ion channels further down the axon to open
   3. Na+/K+ pumps that were not working, to now start working
   4. each of the above is correct

when describing muscle what does external and internal mean?

1. What are the short- and long-term mechanisms by which the body increases VO₂?
2. Briefly define respiratory exchange ratio and crossover effect; Sketch a graph showing the crossover effect and explain how exercise duration and mass action effect can affect the shape of the curves.

create a urinalysis lab with several samples. Please be sure to include the following: -Materials and methods -procedure -result -conclusion -data table

Why does ATP yield vary in cellular respiration (think about how NADH from glycolysis enters mitochondira)?

17. Which of the following is not a function of the skeletal system?

1. Store calcium and minerals
2. Provide interconnectedness throughout the body
3. Protect organs
4. Produce blood from bone marrow

18. Your client, Ryan, starting jogging recently and he informs you that his right IT band has been feeling stiff. He also mentions that his right knee tends to buckle inward when climbing stairs. Which corrective exercise is likely to decrease his IT band stiffness and reduce inward buckling of the right knee?

1. Lateral step with a mini band
2. Foam roll for the quadriceps/IT band area
3. Goblet squat with a pen/marker against each arch
4. Goblet reverse lunge

19. The two primary roles of fascia are to:

1. Provide separation between joints, and enhance proprioception
2. Provide interconnectedness throughout the body, and decrease proprioception
3. Provide separation between muscle groups, and enhance proprioception
4. Provide interconnectedness throughout the body, and enhance proprioception

20. Which fascial line travels from the bottom of the feet, up through the hamstrings, spine and posterior skull, and attaches at the forehead?

1. Deep front line
2. Superficial back line
3. Lateral line
4. Spiral line

21. A concentric muscle action occurs when:

1. the pulling force of a muscle is greater than the resistance force
2. the pulling force of a muscle is less than the resistance force
3. the pulling force of a muscle is equal to the resistance force
4. the pulling force of a muscle is greater than the force of gravity

22. For what primary reason is the gluteus maximus the strongest muscle in the human body?

1. It has the most lower motor neurons
2. It is the largest muscle
3. It extends the hip
4. It has no reflex actions

23. Considering the 180° of shoulder abduction required to reach overhead, how many degrees comes from the scapulothoracic region?

1. 120°
2. 60°
3. 90°
4. 30°

24. The human body loses its balance when what happens?

1. The base of support is not directly over the center of mass.
2. The base of support is narrow
3. The center of mass falls outside of its base of support
4. When a load is held outside of the base of support

25. When a client has poor motor control it increases his/her risk of joint pain and injury because of what two reasons?

1. Poor motor control puts less stress on the muscles and joints
2. Poor motor control impairs the smoothness and accuracy of movement
3. Poor motor control increases the speed and timing of movement
4. Poor motor control puts more stress on the muscles and joints

26. Which system contains structures and neurons that connect receptors within the skin, muscles, and joints to the cerebellum?

1. Somatosensory system
2. Visual system
3. Vestibular system
4. Balance system

27. After months of practicing a movement, an athlete is able to "automatically" produce that movement very quickly. This is due to the development of:

1. Closed-loop motor control
2. Neuroplasticity
3. Open-loop motor control
4. Sensory feedback

28. The process that underlies all motor learning is known as:

1. Neuroplasticity
2. Long-term potentiation
3. Open-loop motor control
4. Reflex actions

29. Which brain structure is primarily responsible for correcting movement while it's occurring?

1. Cerebral cortex
2. Motor cortex
3. Cerebellum
4. Brainstem

30. What is the primary difference between closed-loop and open-loop motor control?

1. Open-loop motor control occurs more slowly
2. Open-loop motor control uses sensory feedback to learn a movement
3. Closed-loop motor control occurs more quickly
4. Closed-loop motor control uses sensory feedback to learn a movement

31. Skeletal muscle is directly controlled and innervated by which component of the nervous system?

1. Upper motor neurons
2. Cerebellum
3. Lower motor neurons
4. Sensory cortex

32. Which neurotransmitter is released at the neuromuscular junction?

1. Acetylcholine
2. Dopamine
3. Serotonin
4. Cortisol

33. During an initial meeting with a potential client it's important to ask if he's been experiencing any red flag symptoms. Which of the following is not a red flag?

1. Unexplained weight gain or weight loss
2. A recent fever
3. Fatigue when climbing stairs
4. Night sweats

34. During an initial interview with a potential client, he mentions that he has been experiencing pain that feels like it's inside his knee joint. What should you do?

1. This is not a red flag symptom, so move on to the physical assessment
2. This is a red flag symptom, so refer to a health care professional
3. This is not a red flag symptom, but refer to a chiropractor
4. This is a red flag symptom, so start the physical assessment slowly

35. You're training a client to learn a new exercise that is unfamiliar to her, and she's struggling to perform the exercise correctly. In order to promote motor learning, how should the sets be performed?

1. Using a slow movement speed with a light load
2. Using a movement speed that's as fast as possible with a light load
3. Using a slow movement speed with a heavy load
4. Using a movement speed that's as fast as possible with a heavy load

36. When training a client with a corrective exercise, how many reps should the client perform?

1. The exact number of reps recommended in the Corrective Exercise Specialist course
2. Never more than 3-5 reps per set
3. As many reps as possible until failure
4. Any number of reps that allow for a high quality movement pattern

37. What are the three components that you'll use to create a Just Right Challenge for your clients?

1. Belonging, motivation, capacity
2. Motivation, feedback, capacity
3. Autonomy, belonging, competence
4. Motivation, autonomy, belonging

38. A client has 6/10 knee pain at the beginning of a workout. At the end of the first set of the lateral step with a mini-band his knee pain decreased to 4/10. At the end of the second set it decreased to 2/10. After the third set, his knee pain increased back to 4/10. What should you do next?

1. Stretch his hamstrings
2. Move on to another corrective exercise that targets the glutes
3. Make a note to never repeat that corrective exercise in the future
4. Perform a fourth set and see if it helps

39. What is the purpose of performing the Y raise with the client's chest/trunk resting on a Swiss ball?

1. Promote spinal extension
2. Increase stress on the intervertebral discs
3. Increase activation of the abdominals
4. Restrict spinal extension

As the blood & other extracellular fluids (ECF) become hypotonic, the tissue cells undergo:

crenation

no change

swelling

atrophy

stasis

. Currently, most of Homer’s body cells are using glucose to make ATP.    His adipose cells are taking in fatty acids and storing them as triglycerides. He probably had a doughnut ______, and his liver cells are probably _______ glycogen.

  Recently; synthesizing

   Many hours ago; synthesizing

   Many hours ago; breaking down

   Recently; breaking down

2. Which of the following is FALSE regarding calcium:

a. calcium is required for proper blood clotting

b. the parathyroid glands monitor blood calcium

c. calcitonin causes calcium to be deposited in bone in adults but not children

d. calcitriol is required for proper absorption of dietary calcium

e .calcium is part of some second-messenger systems

3 Connie visits her doctor after she stumbles on her stairway and incurs a bone fracture. Her physician conducts a bone density test and determines that her bones are very thin for her age. He then takes a blood sample and finds that she has extremely elevated levels of Ca2+ in her blood. Which structure in her body is he most likely to suspect a problem with?

a The thyroid gland

b. The kidneys

c. The parathyroid glands

d The adenohypophys

4. Which of the following is NOT a peptide hormone?

  Glucagon

   Insulin

   Erythropoietin

   Progesterone

5 Which of the following would diffuse across the membrane of its target cell?

  Epinephrine

   Oxytocin

   Thyroid Stimulating Hormone

   Melanocyte Stimulating Hormone

   Tri-iodothyronine

1. How does the respiratory system respond to acidosis? Alkalosis?

2. Why is the urinary system the best regulator of pH?

3. What is the difference between metabolic and respiratory acidosis?

8. Normally urine is hypo-osmotic. What does that mean?

9. What is the counter current mechanism? What is its purpose?

10. How and why does the renin-angiotensin system (RAS) increase BP?

1. Describe the process of urination or micturition.

2. What is renal clearance? How do the values of renal clearance indicate absorption, secretion, or neither of a substance?

3. Name the 3 systems used to regulate pH.

1. Describe how pressure is created in the glomerulus and discuss OP and HP in the glomerulus and in the capsule.

2. Describe tubular reabsorption. What stuff is actively reabsorbed? What stuff is passively reabsorbed?

3. How do we reabsorb more water after the PCT? Hint: discuss long Loops of Henle of the juxtaglomerular nephrons and ADH.

Use the table to record responses to questions 1 and 2.

1. Identify the digestive organs and sphincters. Do not indicate regions or sections (i.e. pylorus and duodenum). Do not list an organ more than once.

2. Record the digestive secretion produced by the organ, if applicable.

3. Where are the food bolus and chyme formed?

4. What is the major site of food absorption?

5. Where are waste products formed and stored?

6. What area eliminates waste products?

Neuroimaging data and aphasia research strongly suggest that the arcuate fasciculus consists of three pathways; a direct, ‘deep’ one and two indirect, ‘shallow’ ones. Describe what each of the 3 pathways connect to and briefly briefly describe its role in speech perception and production.

DQ3. Indicate the results of-sympathetic activation of the following structures: sweat gland, eye pupil, adrenal medulla, heart, liver ,bronchioles, blood vessels of GI, and Salivary glands?