Which of the following will decrease the affinity of oxygen for hemoglobin at low oxygen partial pressures and shift the oxyhemoglobin saturation curve to the right, resulting in increased oxygen unloading for active tissues?

Select one:

a. high CO₂

b. low H⁺

c. low temperature

d. high hemoglobin levels

e. low CO₂

why when blood calcium levels fall, we remove calcium from the bone matrix?Why do we sacrifice bone density to maintain blood calcium? Why is calcium necessary for muscle function and neural communication?

a 45 year old woman recently underwent a carpal tunnel release operation for carpal tunnel syndrome of the left hand following the operation she complains of weakened flexion of the thumb the tendon of which muscle have been damaged

During a soccer match an athlete experiences a violent slide tackle to the fibula. Following examination of this traumatic orthopedic injury, the athlete is suspected to have sustained a closed non-displaced fibular fracture. After providing appropriate treatment, the sports medicine staff decide to transport the injured athlete off the field of play. However, shortly following the initial mechanism of injury the athlete begins to report increasing discomfort throughout the affected area. This continues until the athlete complains of escalating pain significantly out of context to what is expected with such a fracture.

Please answer the following questions:

1. What is the potential prognosis for this case?

2. What would be the appropriate emergency medical care/

3. What is the role of the athletic trainer in managing this situation

14). It is important for the epidermis to be effective at screening UV radiation, but not to be too effective. Explain.

15). Your patient asks you which cell type in the skin is the most important cell and why? How would you reply? Explain.

16). Describe the stages of intramembranous ossification and name at least one (1) bone that is formed using this process.

25). Describe the sequence of injuries to specific tissues that might occur if a patient’s knee receives blunt force trauma to the lateral side of the knee.

It has been demonstrated that some people treated with statins show an increased accumulation of lipids in the liver and skeletal muscles, as well as a mitochondrial dysfunction in skeletal muscles. Explain why statin treatment results in lipid accumulation in the liver and in the skeletal muscle.

What other metabolite accumulates explaining why there is increased fatty acid synthesis if HMG-CoA (due to statin treatment) accumulates in the cytosol and slows downs the cholesterol synthesis pathway.

1. Tachyarrhythmias are commonly caused by the reentry phenomenon (one-way block). TRUE or FALSE

2. Cholelithiasis may result from the precipitation of uric acid in the gall bladder. TRUE or FALSE

3. Which of the following is NOT a major cause of jaundice?
A) obstruction of bile flow in the canaliculi of the hepatic lobules or in the intra or extra-hepatic bile ducts
B) decreased conjugation of bilirubin
C) excessive destruction of white blood cells
D) impaired uptake of bilirubin by liver cells

4. Angina due to walking up a flight of stairs is probably due to which of the following?
A) unstable angina
B) variant angina
C) silent angina
D) classic angina

5. In high blood pressure myocardial perfusion decreases due to which of the following?
A) a decrease in wall tension due to increase in chamber pressure
B) increase in wall tension due to decreased radius
C) increase in wall tension due to increased radius
D) increase in wall tension due to increase in chamber pressure

A potential donor is questioned regarding her previous medical history, and she states that she has been living in a malarial endemic area for one year doing Peace Corps activities. She just returned last week.

1. Is this person eligible as a blood donor?

2. If not, how long must she wait?

EXERCISE 13.2

A potential donor has the following results on a physical examination:

She states she has had aspirin for a headache that day and received hepatitis B immune globulin for a needle stick 3 months ago.

1. Is she eligible as a blood donor?

2. Is there a deferral time?

EXERCISE 13.3

A 15-year-old girl would like to donate blood for her relative. She weighs 108 lb. Her temperature and hemoglobin are within acceptable limits.

1. Is she an eligible directed donor?

2. If she were donating for herself for a planned surgery, could she donate?

3. What are some of the issues surrounding directed donations?

EXERCISE 13.4

An 18-year-old student donated for the first time at a blood drive at his high school.

1. Concerned that he may have contracted HIV before the donation, what instructions should he follow to prevent his unit from being transfused?

2. Why are questions regarding HIV important even when tests are performed to detect the virus?

EXERCISE 14.5

Previous testing on a donor’s computer record indicates CMV antibody–negative. The most recent donation demonstrates that antibodies are currently present.

1. Can the donor still donate?

2. Why has the CMV antibody test result changed?

3. What patients require the transfusion of CMV-reduced-risk blood products?

4. What alternatives exist in the provision of CMV antibody–negative blood?

1. Which of the following is NOT true about the hand?

   		The lateral digit is the thumb.
   		There are 3 phalanges on all 5 digits
   		When you move your fingers, you are moving your phalanges.
   		The number of phalanges on one hand is 14
   		The proximal row of phalanges articulate with the metacarpals.

1. The greater and lesser tubercles are projections seen on the _____.

   		ulna
   		humerus
   		radius
   		scapula

The program will include exercises, sets, repetitions, rest periods, and tempo. You also need to list flexibility, warm-up and cool-down exercises.

*You must answer the following question and fill out the charts provided.

1. What are your fitness needs (i.e. strength training goals for the two weeks)? Your answer to this question does not have to be long but it must provide us with a rationale for your training plan.

Every day of the week is listed but this does not mean you have to train every day in the two weeks, rest periods are important as well. It is more for scheduling purposes. The information included in the table should coincide with question 1 (your needs).

describe the path of food through the digestive system and explain each organs role in the digestive process? what are some factors that influence digestion?

The G protein
Converts ATP into CAMP
Activates adenylate cyclase
Activates kinases
Moves into the nucleus

Which of the following is considered the 1st messenger?
CAMP
the receptor
The Hormone
The G protein

Water soluble hormones
Do not need a transport protein
Do need a transport protein
Can pass into the nucleus
Can pass through the plasma membrane

Glucagon is released when
Only when lipolysis occurs
When blood levels increase and decrease
Blood glucose levels
increase
Blood glucose levels decrease

Beta cells produce/release
Glucagon
Kinases
Glycogen
Insulin

During humoral stimulation the stimulus for the release of a hormone is
The binding of a lipid soluble hormone to its receptor on the inside of a cell
The binding of another hormone to its receptor
An action potential
The changing level of a nutrient

Which is not a hormone released by the hypothalamus?
Corticotropin-releasing hormone (CRH)
Thyrotropin-inhibiting hormone
Growth hormone -inhibiting hormone (GHIH)
Prolactin-inhibiting hormone (PIH)

Which is not released by the anterior pituitary gland?
Anti-diuretic hormone (ADH)
Gonadotropin-releasing hormone Corticotropin-releasing hormone Prolactin-releasing hormone

Insulin stimulates the liver to
Increase glycogenolysis
decrease glycogenesis
Increase cellular uptake of glucose from the bloodstream
Increase gluconeogenesis
None of the above

Increased levels of a hormone
Up regulation
No change
Down regulation

1. What effect does angiotensin II of RAAS have on blood volume and pressure and how does it achieve this?

2. What is antidiuretic hormone (ADH)? What effect does it have on blood volume and pressure, and what stimulates its secretion and what are its actions?

3. What effect would the change in MAP due to heart failure have on RAAS and ADH? How and why?

4. What effect would activation of angiotensin II and ADH have on blood flow to the heart and pressure in the heart chambers?

oxytocin
increases the muscle contraction in the uterus
promotes lipolysis
increases urine output
inhibits the contraction of the uterus

which of the following organs is affected by the thyroid hormone?
brain
spleen
testes
liver

which of the following is true of glugoneogenesis?
it uses carbohydrates to form glucose
it increases glucose levels
it breaks down glucose into lipids
it is the conversion of glucose to amino acids
B and C

which of the following is not a category of endocrine gland stimulation?
enzyme
humoral
hormonal
neural (nervous system stimulation?

growth hormone
promotes the release of IGF (insulin-like growth factors)
secretion results in a decreased muscle mass (size)
stimulates the release of GHRH
is released by the hypothalamus

the release of thyroid hormone
leads to a decrease in oxygen levels
leads to a decrease in the breathing rate
leads to a decrease in heart rate
leads to an increase in glycogenesis

which is a true statement?
thyrotropin-releasing hormone stimulates the release of oxytocin
thyrotropin-releasing hormone inhibits the release of oxytocin
thyrotropin-releasing hormone stimulates the release of thyroid hormone
thyrotropin-releasing hormone stimulates the release of thyroid stimulating hormone

lipid soluble hormones
never cross the plasma membrane
cross the nuclear envelope (nucleus)
travel in the bloodstream using no transport protein
are not soluble in fats

the receptor hormone complex
only uses water soluble hormones
never uses lipid soluble or water soluble hormones
only uses lipid soluble hormones
can use both water soluble hormones and lipid soluble hormones