A (Co-Cr-Mo) hip implant was inserted into a patient’s femur. The acetabular cup was made of surgical stainless steel. After one year of operation, the patient was complaining about severe pain. He was put on painkillers because the situation was getting worse with time. X-ray radiography revealed wear debris as well as a large gap at the interface between the implant and bone. The orthopaedic surgeon decided to re-operate to retrieve the old implant and replacing it with a new one. He found massive corrosion in the retrieved implant.

i) What would be the causes of that corrosion, wear and the occurrence of the interfacial gap between the implant and bone?

ii) Describe the factors that should be taken into consideration in the design to minimize these failures.

Please type or submit a PDF document so that I am able to legibly understand the answer. ( This is ome question

2. In the case study below you will explore the causes of B12 deficiency in three patients.

A. Patient A is a college student who has become increasingly tired over the last six months. She thought it was because of her tough schedule but since she noticed tingling in her feet, she thought she should see a doctor. Patient A also has hyperparathyroidism, an autoimmune disorder that affects 100,000 people in the U.S. every year. She is not a vegetarian and eats milk, eggs and meat - all great sources of B12. The doctor ran some blood work and found very low levels of B12. The patient also had parietal cell antibodies present in her blood.

• What do you think is the cause of her B12 deficiency? Why is her body not able to absorb the necessary B12?

• What is the treatment and prognosis for this patient?

• B. **** Patient B had gastric bypass surgery three years ago. He is a vegetarian and sees a nutritionist who ensures his diet is adequate to meet his nutritional needs. Despite this, on a recent trip to his doctor, his blood work showed declining levels of vitamin B12.

• Why does this patient have low B12 even though his diet should be providing enough?

• Why didn’t Patient B have low B12 until three years after surgery?

• C. **** Patient C suffers from Crohn’s disease and had a 60 cm terminal ileal resection 4 months ago.

• What is a terminal ileal resection?

• What is Crohn’s disease and what complication led to the need for an ileal resection?

• What is absorbed by the ileum?

• Will amino acid and glucose uptake be affected by the ileal resection? Explain.

• What is the treatment and prognosis for this patient to ensure she receives necessary nutrition?

The biomolecules make it possible for the cell to make changes, defend and repair itself continue to grow and continue survival. What are those molecules? what is the major difference among them? Add a reference.

Discuss how the movement of substance throughout the cell happened and contribute to its maintenance/ survival. Add a reference

Discuss the elements of cellular structures that make the cell viable and able to withstand changes. Add reference

2. The primary action of the hamstrings muscle group is ______________________ of the lower leg at the knee. The group in composed of the following muscles: ___________________________________, ________________________________________, and _________________________________________. 3. The Gastrocnemius muscle acts to mainly ______________________ flex the foot at the ankle. Its main (opposing action) _________________________________ muscle is the ____________________ ______________________, which mainly ______________________ flexes the foot at the ankle. 4. The Biceps brachii muscle ________________ the forearm at the elbow. The insertion of this muscle is on the ___________________. The main forearm extensor muscle is the ___________________ _____________________, and it inserts on the ______________________________. 5. The pectoral muscles have their origin in the _______________ and _______________, and insertion on the ______________________. Their main action is to ________________ and medially _________________ the arm. 6. The abdominal muscles protect the abdominopelvic cavity and also ______________ and __________________ the trunk. 7. What is the function of lumbodorsal fascia

1. explain the effects of pneumococcal pneumonia on the respiratory tract. You should mention specific cell types and specific respiratory structures

2.Put these events in the correct chronological sequence:

1. Upper motor neuron fires an action potential

2. T-tubules convey action potentials into the interior of the cell.

3. Acetylcholine is released from the lower motor neuron.

4. Ca2+ is released from the sarcoplasmic reticulum.

A) 1, 2, 3, 4

B) 3, 1, 2, 4

C) 2, 1, 4, 3

D) 1, 3, 2, 4

E) 4, 3, 2, 1

4.Which of the following sequences represent muscle contraction?

A)Action Potential leads to Ca++ release- troponin pulls troposmyosin -Ca++ binds to troponin- away the myosin binding site- myosin heads pull actin toward the M line - myosin head binds to myosin binding site on actin

B)Action Potential leads to Ca++ release- - myosin head binds to myosin binding site on actin- Ca++ binds to troponin--troponin pulls troposmyosin away from the myosin binding site - myosin heads pull actin toward the M line

C)Action Potential leads to Ca++ release- Ca++ binds to tropomyosin-tropomyosin pulls troponin away from the myosin binding site- myosin head binds to myosin binding site on actin- myosin heads pull actin toward the M line

D)Action Potential leads to Ca++ release- Ca++ binds to troponin-troponin pulls troposmyosin away the myosin binding site- myosin head binds to myosin binding site on actin- myosin heads pull actin toward the M line

E)Ca++ binds to troponin -Action Potential leads to Ca++ release- -troponin pulls

Urinary specific gravity will (increase, decrease not change) after drinking 3% sodium chloride.

Which of the following are traits of "codependent personality"?

Bill feels like he is responsible for what happens in his life. He takes action to lead to the outcomes he wants. He doesn't blame things like luck for the outcomes in his life. What best describes Bill?

Explain how Coagulase works and why it’s a virulence factor?

What causes a fever? Why is a fever considered a first line defense and nonspecific?Give two reasons why you would want a fever:

Would it be worse to get an infection from: Someone in the hospital or someone on a bus?

Compare and contrast the sympathetic and parasympathetic nervous system from the perspective of their functions (two examples) and anatomical basis.

-include their anatomical origins in the CNS, the placement of ganglia, their neuronal composition including neurotransmitters and receptors used.

-mass activation and its purpose and anatomical implications

1. Kate is a 30 year old woman who just delivered her second child two weeks ago. Two weeks after her delivery, Kate comes to your office to be evaluated. She states she has been tired, weak, and has widespread joint and muscle pain. Despite the mild weather, she notes that she is cold all the time, and that instead of losing her “baby weight” she has actually gained about 15 pounds.

   Kate has delivered two healthy children. She has no other medical history. It is her intention to breastfeed for at least the first 12 months. She continues to take her prenatal vitamins, and plans on having an intrauterine device placed for contraception at her six week follow up. She is a non-smoker, does not have a history of illicit drug use, and is currently abstaining from alcohol though she has consumed alcohol socially prior to her pregnancies.

   Her vital signs are as follows: Height 5’4”, weight 165 lb, Heart rate slowed at 48 beats per minute, blood pressure normal at 110/56, temperature normal at 98.2℉.

   • What disease process do you suspect is causing Kate’s symptoms? Name the disease and explain which symptoms, signs, or history information brought you to that conclusion.
   • What other symptoms do you suspect Kate may be experiencing? Are there any specific clinical signs you expect to find that have not yet been noted?
   • What type of laboratory workup would you expect for Kate?

Between the ages of 45-64, which of these changes would be expected to occur? Select one: a. increase in bone mass b. increase in resting energy requirements c. increased maximum heart rate d. degenerative joint changes

A patient has an under-functioning pancreas, which of the following will NOT be affected?

A) Enzyme function in the small intestine. B) Polypeptide digestion. C) Na+/K+ pump activity on the microvilli. D) Breakdown of energy stores in response to fasting.