Case Study - Cholera A 25 year old woman is brought into a clinic in Bangladesh during the monsoon season. She is almost comatose, her pulse is weak and she is experiencing tachycardia. She has severe diarrhea, and is producing watery stool at a rate of 950 ml/hr. Her skin appears shriveled, and when a fold of skin is pinched it remains so for several minutes. Microscopic examination of the patient’s stool reveals the presence of a large number of Vibrio cholerae bacteria. The patient cannot drink, so intravenous isotonic NaCl is administered. When the patient is conscious, she is given an oral rehydration solution to drink. It contains NaCl, KCl, NaHCO3 and glucose. After 5 days she is sufficiently recovered to leave the hospital.

1. How did she most likely encounter the bacteria?

2. Why does she exhibit weak pulse and tachycardia? Why is she almost comatose?

3. How did the cholera toxin enter the cells and how did it affect intracellular signal transduction pathways and membrane transport.

4. How do intravenous fluids immediately improve the patient’s condition? Why isotonic NaCl?

5. What is the rationale for the ingredients in the oral rehydration solution?

6. Why does the patient recover in 5 days with this treatment and without antibiotics?

Patt has been having difficulty maintaining his balance lately. He is visiting a neurologist to find out what’s wrong. The neurologist is taking him through some simple movement tasks and notices that his movements look very jerky and clumsy. When he points to targets, he over-reaches the target every time. When he’s asked to rapidly alternate between his palm and back of hand, his movements are very slow with lots of failed alternations.What is the diagnosis? Choose details from the question above to support your decision. What brain structure has likely been affected?

1. How can athletes improve motor skills using deliberate practice?

2. What can future studies investigate about how can athletes improve motor skills using deliberate practice?

Fill in the blank with the appropriate medical term. Please “BOLD” the terms that you insert.

Mary just had a baby; therefore, she is in the 6-week period after birth, better known as _________. Since this was Mary’s first viable child, she was termed_________. Before the birth, or during the ________ portion, she was worried that her baby would be born dead, or ______________. She was also worried she may develop metabolic disturbances such as eclampsia, which is known as ________. This worrisome attitude lasted the first 12-week-period, or ____________. When her baby was born healthy, Mary’s fears subsided until she noticed the cheesy white substance on her newborn called ______________. Mary herself developed a vaginal discharge during the first week or two after childbirth which her doctor called ____________ and told her it was quite normal. Mary discussed the dark green stool that her baby had and the doctor told her it was ____________ and that, too, would pass. Mary hopes her next child will not have to be an __________ labor, where it is initiated artificially.

A 60-year-old male patient has a condition called "prostatic hypertrophy."

• Why does this cause problem, both with starting a stream of urine, as well as with ejaculation?
• Identify the anatomical location as to why the doctor performed a "digital exam" to identify this prostatic hypertrophy?
• What anatomical structure is removed during a "vasectomy?"
• At what anatomical location would removing it be the least invasive to the man having the surgery?

Which of the following reflexes is most likely a short reflex?

A. inhibition of gut motility during stress

B. all of these

C. none of these

D. parasympathetic reflex of defecation

E. intrinsic reflex of defecation

Describe in your own words the steps of the knee jerk reflex and how this is an example of a negative feedback mechanism.

Pertaining to the coronavirus, can the antibodies found in the plasma from a transfusion of a coronavirus survivor save the cells that have already been infected with virus, such as ciliated pseudostratified columnar cells in the trachea?

To determine whether a particular trait is autosomal or sex-linked, scientists or breeders would perform reciprocal crosses. In a species of exotic bird, the wild-type glossy green is dominant over the yellow plumage. Assigning Ye⁺ to the wild type glossy green and Ye to yellow, show how you would perform such a cross (or crosses) to test the hypothesis that these plumage phenotypes in this exotic bird are sex-linked. What are the expected phenotypic ratios of the F2, after intercrossing the F1 in each case, if this trait is indeed sex linked?

1. Which of these is mismatched?

Multiple Choice

• secretory phase - progesterone peaks

• ovulation - luteinizing hormone (LH) peaks

• menstruation - progesterone declines

• proliferative phase - estrogen levels rise

• menstruation - follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH) peaks

.

2.  If a man has such severe infertility that his sperm are incapable of penetrating an oocyte and achieving fertilization, then the best assisted reproductive technology for him and his partner would be

Multiple Choice

• ICSI.

• IVF.

• AID.

• E.IUD.

• GIFT.

.

3.  Which of these places the events of the menstrual cycle in the correct order?

Multiple Choice

• menstrual phase→ovulation→proliferative phase→secretory phase

• menstrual phase→ovulation→secretory phase→proliferative phase

• menstrual phase→proliferative phase→secretory phase→ovulation

• menstrual phase→proliferative phase→ovulation→secretory phase

• menstrual phase→secretory phase→proliferative phase→ovulation

.

4.  What is the assisted reproductive technology that involves the placement of harvested sperm in a woman's (v)agina by a physician?

Multiple Choice

• AID

• IVF

• IUD

• GIFT

• ICSI

.

5.  Which of these is not part of the female reproductive system?

Multiple Choice

• vas deferens

• (v)agina

• oviduct

• ovary

• uterus

What is Diffusion? List 3 factors that increase the rate of diffusion