Please answer all 4 questions thank you!

1) During lipid digestion, emulsification occurs in the __________________, whereas formation of chylomicrons occurs in the _____________________.

2) Mass movements of fecal matter through the colon are triggered by ___________________.

3) Individual amino acids and glucose enter the cells that line the lumen of the digestive tract via ___________________.

4) Digestion can be divided up into mechanical and chemical processes. The primary function of mechanical processes is to

Which of the following would you expect to see in abundance in the muscles of a sprinter?

a.) Myoglobin

b.) Proteins that form part of the electron transport chain

c.) Lactate dehydrogenase

d.) Mitochondria

As mentioned in class, some inhibitory postsynaptic potentials (IPSPs) are the result of Cl ^- entering the cell through a chloride channel. Other IPSPs are caused by the opening of K ⁺ channels.

How could movement of the potassium ion result in hyperpolarization of the postsynaptic cell?

I get that there is movement; I need to know how or more-so why it results in hyperpolarization .

Briefly explain why Neuron A that receives similar types and strengths of synaptic input to Neuron B, can have very different action potential shapes (i.e. waveforms) and action potential firing rate versus Neuron B. In your answer be sure to describe: (1) What aspects of the neuron’s composition determine this 'intrinsic excitability', (2) Which of these aspects are the most common components in these responses, and (3) Why a neuron might fire more action potentials if it is forced to become hyperpolarized before becoming depolarized.

1. When fusion of the left and right mandibular prominences is incomplete, ____________ may result.

   		cleft philtrum
   		cleft palate
   		cleft chin
   		cleft lip

2 points   

QUESTION 21

1. You are a physician for a 15-year-old boy. The patient has a history of tonsil infections and is visiting your office today because he noticed mucus-like drainage collecting from a dimple-like spot on the left side of his neck. Remembering your embryology training, you examine the patient for a possible _______________ .

   		cervical vestige
   		cervical sinus
   		cervical fistula
   		cervical cyst

2 points   

QUESTION 22

1. Which of the following statements about circulation in a newborn baby is FALSE?

   		The foramen ovale closes because pressure is greater on the right side of the heart
   		Anatomical closure of the shunts takes longer than functional closure
   		The ductus venosus closes due to lack of blood flow from the placenta
   		The ductus arteriosus closes quickly after birth

2 points   

QUESTION 23

1. Which of the following migration movements must be disrupted to produce a pelvic kidney?

   		cranial migration
   		lateral migration
   		caudal migration
   		medial migration

2 points   

QUESTION 24

1. An infant is born two weeks premature.  The infant has trouble breathing normally immediately after birth. She takes short, shallow breaths, gasps for air and her fingertips appear blue. After 1 week of intensive care, corticosteroid treatment, and providing supplemental oxygen, she appears to have recovered completely. She is breathing normally. These symptoms were most likely caused by ___________________ .

   		tracheoesophageal fistula
   		alveolar capillary dysplasia
   		pulmonary hypoplasia
   		respiratory distress syndrome

2 points   

QUESTION 25

1. An individual carries XY chromosomes, but cannot respond to testosterone due to a mutation in the testosterone receptor. This individual will have ______________ .

   		normal testes
   		a normal uterus
   		normal ovaries
   		a normal p3nis

1. Which of the following statements is FALSE?

   		Pulmonary hypoplasia can be caused by a hernia
   		Surfactant is produced by Type 2 alveolar cells
   		Premature birth is strongly associated with respiratory distress syndrome
   		Tracheoesophageal fistulas are strongly associated with premature birth

2 points   

QUESTION 14

1. The _____________ becomes the urinary collecting duct.

   		urethra
   		metanephrogenic mesenchyme
   		mesonephric duct
   		ureteric bud

2 points   

QUESTION 15

1. During this stage of lung development, the respiratory diverticulum branches from the foregut.

   		Pseudoglandular stage
   		Canalicular stage
   		Embryonic stage
   		Terminal/saccular/alveolar stage

2 points   

QUESTION 16

1. In an individual with only one X chromosome,

   		functional ovaries are formed.
   		high testosterone levels are present.
   		low estrogen levels are present.
   		secondary sex characteristics are male.

2 points   

QUESTION 17

1. The _________________ are ectodermal invaginations on the ventral and lateral surface of the embryo.

   		pharyngeal pouches
   		pharyngeal arches
   		aortic arches
   		pharyngeal grooves

2 points   

QUESTION 18

1. A child with neural crest defects is most likely to also have a

   		muscular ventricular septum defect
   		membranous ventricular septum defect
   		endocardial cushion defect
   		atrial septal defect

2 points   

QUESTION 19

1. Which of the following patients has the greatest risk for developing patent ductus arteriosus?

   		A full-term infant treated with a prostaglandin inhibitor after birth
   		A premature infant treated with a prostaglandin inhibitor after birth
   		A full-term infant treated with prostaglandins after birth
   		A premature infant treated with prostaglandins after birth

1. An infant is born with alveolar capillary dysplasia. Which of the following is an effective treatment for this condition?

   	a	Corticosteroids to improve maturation of the alveolar cells
   	b	Artificial surfactant to lubricate the alveoli
   	c	None of these interventions are an effective treatment
   	d	Supplemental oxygen delivered via ventilator to raise oxygen levels in the alveoli

Which of the following heart malformations requires an atrial septal defect for infant survival?

QUESTION 3

1. Which of the following structures forms an identifiable structure in adults during normal development:

   		pharyngeal groove 1
   		pharyngeal pouch 6
   		pharyngeal groove 2
   		pharyngeal arch 5

2 points   

QUESTION 4

1. Two zygotes are present in the uterus of a mother. The zygotes fuse together, creating one embryo. The resulting child will  _______________ .

   		be a genetic mosaic, chimera, and intersex
   		be a genetic mosaic
   		be intersex
   		be a genetic mosaic and a chimera
   		be a chimera

2 points   

QUESTION 5

1. The respiratory membrane is made from which germ layers:

   		Mesoderm
   		Endoderm and mesoderm
   		Endoderm, mesoderm, and ectoderm
   		Endoderm

2 points   

QUESTION 6

1. If the ureteric bud does not form, __________ can occur.

   		Renal agenesis
   		Renal hypoplasia
   		Renal hypertrophy
   		Renal duplication

Mr. Andy Capp was recently arrested by San Antonio police for allegedly driving under the influence of alcohol (DUI). Calculate his estimated BAC range based on the following factors. Andy (male) at the time of the incident weighed 160 lbs (pounds) and told his defense attorney that he had only consumed six (6) beers and four (4) shots of hard liquor that night. He recalls that he had started drinking at 6:00 pm at the Hilltop Pub and was pulled over by police for the alleged DUI offense that night at 11:30 pm just two blocks from his residence after running over a neighbor’s mailbox.

He has had several prior alcohol related charges over the last two years. Based on this scenario what was his estimated BAC range (expressed in g/dL) at the time of the offense? What is this BAC range expressed in mg/dL? Show your work for partial credit.

Ms. Anna Capp now states that she was driving instead of her husband and hit the mailbox. Calculate her BAC range (in g/dL) based on her weighing 110 lbs and her claims that she consumed 4 beers and 2 shots of hard liquor starting at 6:00 pm at the Hilltop Pub. Show your work for partial credit.

1I - Part 1 In which part of the male reproductive system is the male reproductive cell (i.e. sperm) produced?

1I - Part 2 When/as a result of what internal process does the part of the male reproductive system you have identified above produce sperm?

1I - Part 3 Which part of the male reproductive system is responsible for ensuring that sperm are kept at a temperature that promotes their health and how does it do this?

1I - Part 4 As a part of the male reproductive system, what is the role of the epididymis?

1I - Part 5 What is the name of the muscular tube that is responsible for transporting sperm to the urethra via the ejaculatory duct?

1I - Part 6 Which two parts of the male reproductive system release fluids that mix with sperm to create semen?

1I - Part 7 Which part of the male reproductive system has muscles that help to project sperm out of the urethra during ejaculation?

1I - Part 8 What is the external organ that surrounds the urethra?

46. Performance decrements during activity occur with decrease as little as ____ of our body water. 1-2% 2-3% 0.5-1% None of the above 47. ___ and ____ play a critical role in body water and electrolyte balance are: Insulin; glucagon Testosterone; estrogen ADH (antidiuretic hormone); aldosterone None of the above are correct 48. Electrolytes are considered Ions when placed in a solution and allow for adequate conduction of _____ charges. negative electrical neutral None of the above are correct 49. For moderate-intensity activity lasting LONGER than 2 hours and/or high intensity activity lasting LONGER than 1 hour, we recommend 30-45 g carbohydrate + 15g protein (along with electrolytes) dissolved in about 600ml water every _____ during activity. 1 hour 30 minutes 3 hours None of the above are correct?

Describe how genes are expressed? Be as specific as you can

Human Physiology

Explain in detail the process that establishes and maintains the medullary osmotic gradient in the kidneys. Then describe the effect this osmotic gradient has on the water in the renal tubules.

explain and describe with examples The role of Nanotechnology in Healthcare

Human Physiology

Describe the events that lead to micturition (urination), including the effect of the nervous system on the muscles involved.