1. explain the effects of pneumococcal pneumonia on the respiratory tract. You should mention specific cell types and specific respiratory structures

2.Put these events in the correct chronological sequence:

1. Upper motor neuron fires an action potential

2. T-tubules convey action potentials into the interior of the cell.

3. Acetylcholine is released from the lower motor neuron.

4. Ca2+ is released from the sarcoplasmic reticulum.

A) 1, 2, 3, 4

B) 3, 1, 2, 4

C) 2, 1, 4, 3

D) 1, 3, 2, 4

E) 4, 3, 2, 1

4.Which of the following sequences represent muscle contraction?

A)Action Potential leads to Ca++ release- troponin pulls troposmyosin -Ca++ binds to troponin- away the myosin binding site- myosin heads pull actin toward the M line - myosin head binds to myosin binding site on actin

B)Action Potential leads to Ca++ release- - myosin head binds to myosin binding site on actin- Ca++ binds to troponin--troponin pulls troposmyosin away from the myosin binding site - myosin heads pull actin toward the M line

C)Action Potential leads to Ca++ release- Ca++ binds to tropomyosin-tropomyosin pulls troponin away from the myosin binding site- myosin head binds to myosin binding site on actin- myosin heads pull actin toward the M line

D)Action Potential leads to Ca++ release- Ca++ binds to troponin-troponin pulls troposmyosin away the myosin binding site- myosin head binds to myosin binding site on actin- myosin heads pull actin toward the M line

E)Ca++ binds to troponin -Action Potential leads to Ca++ release- -troponin pulls

Urinary specific gravity will (increase, decrease not change) after drinking 3% sodium chloride.

Which of the following are traits of "codependent personality"?

Bill feels like he is responsible for what happens in his life. He takes action to lead to the outcomes he wants. He doesn't blame things like luck for the outcomes in his life. What best describes Bill?

Explain how Coagulase works and why it’s a virulence factor?

What causes a fever? Why is a fever considered a first line defense and nonspecific?Give two reasons why you would want a fever:

Would it be worse to get an infection from: Someone in the hospital or someone on a bus?

Compare and contrast the sympathetic and parasympathetic nervous system from the perspective of their functions (two examples) and anatomical basis.

-include their anatomical origins in the CNS, the placement of ganglia, their neuronal composition including neurotransmitters and receptors used.

-mass activation and its purpose and anatomical implications

1. Kate is a 30 year old woman who just delivered her second child two weeks ago. Two weeks after her delivery, Kate comes to your office to be evaluated. She states she has been tired, weak, and has widespread joint and muscle pain. Despite the mild weather, she notes that she is cold all the time, and that instead of losing her “baby weight” she has actually gained about 15 pounds.

   Kate has delivered two healthy children. She has no other medical history. It is her intention to breastfeed for at least the first 12 months. She continues to take her prenatal vitamins, and plans on having an intrauterine device placed for contraception at her six week follow up. She is a non-smoker, does not have a history of illicit drug use, and is currently abstaining from alcohol though she has consumed alcohol socially prior to her pregnancies.

   Her vital signs are as follows: Height 5’4”, weight 165 lb, Heart rate slowed at 48 beats per minute, blood pressure normal at 110/56, temperature normal at 98.2℉.

   • What disease process do you suspect is causing Kate’s symptoms? Name the disease and explain which symptoms, signs, or history information brought you to that conclusion.
   • What other symptoms do you suspect Kate may be experiencing? Are there any specific clinical signs you expect to find that have not yet been noted?
   • What type of laboratory workup would you expect for Kate?

Between the ages of 45-64, which of these changes would be expected to occur? Select one: a. increase in bone mass b. increase in resting energy requirements c. increased maximum heart rate d. degenerative joint changes

A patient has an under-functioning pancreas, which of the following will NOT be affected?

A) Enzyme function in the small intestine. B) Polypeptide digestion. C) Na+/K+ pump activity on the microvilli. D) Breakdown of energy stores in response to fasting.

Which of the following will decrease the affinity of oxygen for hemoglobin at low oxygen partial pressures and shift the oxyhemoglobin saturation curve to the right, resulting in increased oxygen unloading for active tissues?

Select one:

a. high CO₂

b. low H⁺

c. low temperature

d. high hemoglobin levels

e. low CO₂

why when blood calcium levels fall, we remove calcium from the bone matrix?Why do we sacrifice bone density to maintain blood calcium? Why is calcium necessary for muscle function and neural communication?

a 45 year old woman recently underwent a carpal tunnel release operation for carpal tunnel syndrome of the left hand following the operation she complains of weakened flexion of the thumb the tendon of which muscle have been damaged

During a soccer match an athlete experiences a violent slide tackle to the fibula. Following examination of this traumatic orthopedic injury, the athlete is suspected to have sustained a closed non-displaced fibular fracture. After providing appropriate treatment, the sports medicine staff decide to transport the injured athlete off the field of play. However, shortly following the initial mechanism of injury the athlete begins to report increasing discomfort throughout the affected area. This continues until the athlete complains of escalating pain significantly out of context to what is expected with such a fracture.

Please answer the following questions:

1. What is the potential prognosis for this case?

2. What would be the appropriate emergency medical care/

3. What is the role of the athletic trainer in managing this situation

14). It is important for the epidermis to be effective at screening UV radiation, but not to be too effective. Explain.

15). Your patient asks you which cell type in the skin is the most important cell and why? How would you reply? Explain.

16). Describe the stages of intramembranous ossification and name at least one (1) bone that is formed using this process.

25). Describe the sequence of injuries to specific tissues that might occur if a patient’s knee receives blunt force trauma to the lateral side of the knee.

It has been demonstrated that some people treated with statins show an increased accumulation of lipids in the liver and skeletal muscles, as well as a mitochondrial dysfunction in skeletal muscles. Explain why statin treatment results in lipid accumulation in the liver and in the skeletal muscle.

What other metabolite accumulates explaining why there is increased fatty acid synthesis if HMG-CoA (due to statin treatment) accumulates in the cytosol and slows downs the cholesterol synthesis pathway.