In the adaptive immune system, name the ways in which an antibody can act as an adapter molecule to be effective?

Explain the factors which affect oxygen unloading and Explain the factors which affect carbon dioxide loading.

Explain the mechanism that results in the formation of a concentrated urine in an individual with hyperosmotic blood

1) Eddie, an overweight 40-year-old, decides it’s time for his first physical in ten years. He has no history of heart issues, but his father died of a myocardial infarction at age 41 and his mother is diabetic. What tests would the MD order to get a read on his heart? The doctor would also tell him to take a daily over the counter anticoagulant. What should he buy at the drug store?

2) Explain why mature red blood cells cannot undergo mitosis.

Explain why Jay was infertile. Ectopic pregnancy Jean, a 23-year-old optician, was rushed into hospital with severe lower abdominal pain and low blood pressure. Examination and tests revealed that Jean had raised serum levels of human chorionic gonadotropin, blood in her peritoneal cavity, and an ectopic pregnancy. The embryo had implanted into the anterior wall of her rectum and had eroded a branch of the superior rectal artery causing an intra-abdominal bleed

1. Epithelial Tissues

   1. Characteristics

   2. Location

   3. Types of cells

   4. Function

2. Cell - Cell Adhesions/Junctions

   1. Types

   2. Molecule types involved

   3. Locations

   4. Functions

3. Connective Tissues

   1. Characteristics

   2. Locations

   3. Types of cells

   4. Matrix

   5. Ground Substance

   6. Functions

4. Glandular Tissue

   1. Type of Glands

      1. (Examples: Exocrine vs Endocrine, Sudoriferous & its subtypes, Sebaceous, Ceruminous)

   2. Secretions

   3. Types of ducts

5. Serous and Mucous Membranes

   1. Serous

      1. Visceral vs Parietal

1) The Shark's spiral valve (choose all that apply)

A) Keeps water out of the nostrils

B) is located in the intestine

C) is located in the stomach

D) Increased surface area for digestion/nutrient absorption

E) Provides buoyancy and increased efficiency of swimming

F) Allows water to flow over the gills

2) The closest extant organism that evolutionarily links fish and amphibians is:

A) salamanders

B) caecilians

C) acanthostega

D) conodonts

E) Lamprey

F) Lungfish

3) Animals that have body temperature dependent on the environments (Choose all that apply)

A) are endotherms

B) are homeotherms

C) are ectotherms

D) eat a lot to meet their high energy needs

E) Eat less due to low energy needs

F) Fish & sharks

G) Amphibians & reptiles

H) Birds

4) Fish and amphibians SHARE which of these characteristics: (Choose all that apply)

A) chordates

B) vertebrates

C) endotherms

D) poikilotherms

E) deuterostomes

F) Protostomes

G) Scaley skin

H) Amniotes

5) Which of the following characteristics are shared by a hagfish and a lamphrey? (choose all that apply)

A) a rasping tongue

B) paired fins

C) jaws

D) a notochord

E) Scaled skin

F) Gills

G) operculum

1. You have designed a new drug (Provasoshut®) that acts as an agonist of alpha-adrenergic receptors. In most of the systems you have studied (e.g. capillary beds of the digestive system, liver, and adipose), Provasoshut® causes vasoconstriction that lasts for at least 15 minutes. However, when you tried the drug on the capillary beds of the contracting muscle of the frog leg prep in your physiology lab, the vasoconstriction lasted only 20 seconds! What is the best explanation for the short-lived action of Provasoshut® in this preparation?

What specialized tissue in the gut wall serves to monitor luminal microflora, what cells are involved in this monitoring, and how do those cells interact with lymphoid cells of the adaptive immune systems?

What are the physical barriers which act to maintain the epithelial barrier to microorganisms in the intestine? If that barrier breaks down, how does this change the way mucosal immune defenses act? What are defensins? What cells produce and secrete them? What is secretory IgA and where does it come from?

Give ONE specific homeostatic imbalance in which the immune system, endocrine system and nervous system are required to work together to reach homeostasis. Explain how each system does this in detail.

Bobby, a 72-year-old retired male went to his doctor, complaining of leg pain that started in his lower back, ran across the side of his thigh and over the front of his knee. Next, he developed pain that radiated from his back to his front at the chest through the level of his nipples and also at the umbilicus.

A physical and laboratory tests showed hard nodule on his prostate and an elevation in several of the blood tests. His PSA (prostate specific antigen), an enzyme secreted by normal prostate tissue was very high. Alkaline phosphatase was also elevated, an indication of bone involvement.

A bone scan was ordered to visualize the bone involvement.

Usually prostate cancer's growth is initially influenced by the presence of testosterone. If testosterone is removed by castration, the cancer will often shrink for some period of time before the remaining fraction of testosterone-independent cancer cells grow.

Bobby was not interested in castration and asked if there was another form of treatment. He was treated was a single shot of a drug which is slowly released into the body over a three month time period. Within that time the patient noticed marked relief in his pain.

Why would the scan show bone abnormalities? What would cause it?