A woman has a mutation that causes the zona pellucida to be tough and not disintegrate. How would this affect her fertility? Explain.

Which endocrine organs are responsible for regulating blood calcium levels?

Trace the flow of lymph from the kidney to the right atrium.

Some fish or reptiles can be larger than human infants. explain why the human requires a four-chamber heart (2 atria and 2 ventricles) 4 marks

One term should be from the digestive system and one should be from the integumentary system.
    It is OK to write one, two or more sentences to accomodate the two terms.
    Think about using different diseases, conditions, signs, symptoms, procedures, treatments or therapies related to these systems.

Hi, please include a detailed answer for both parts of this question, thanks!

1 A) Identify the changes in TSH and TRH secretion that you would expect to see in a patient with hypothyroidism due to iodine deficiency. (1 mark-50-100 words)

1 B) Using your knowledge of thyroid hormone regulation, explain why you would see these changes in TSH and TRH secretion. (2 marks-150-200 words)

Answer questions 1-3 with a brief explanation

1. This region of the brain that is responsible for the contribution of somatic motor movements, which regulates balance in movements.

1. Thalamus
2. Cerebrum
3. Amygdala
4. Cerebellum

2. Mark was taken to the ER due to a lack in feeling of pain and temperature sensations around his body. It was discovered that part of his spinal tract, connecting the spine and thalamus, was severed. Which tract was likely severed, causing his lack in above sensations?

1. Anterior Spinothalamic tract
2. Spinocerebellar tract
3. Lateral spinothalamic tract
4. Spinocerebral tract

3. The part of the nervous system responsible for control of the bodily functions not consciously directed, such as breathing, the heartbeat, and digestive processes.

1. Central
2. Somatic
3. Autonomic

RESPIRATORY SYSTEM

1.Name each organ of the mammalian respiratory system and provide its function.

2.Use Boyle’s law and the anatomy of a mammal to explain how inhalation and exhalation occurs.

3.What is “partial pressure”? Explain its role in gas exchange.

4.What is the difference between external gills and internal gills? What are the advantages/disadvantages of each?

5.Structure determines function: what features are common in different respiratory organs, and how do these features help with gas exchange?

CIRCULATORY SYSTEM

7.Describe the cardiac cycle (the path electricity takes through the heart). How is the heartbeat stimulated (does it need input from the brain or not)?

8.Understand the different structures within the mammalian circulatory system including blood vessels and the heart

9.What are the functions of the vertebrate circulatory system?

10.Describe the pattern of circulation by tracing a drop of blood through the pulmonary and systemic circulations

11.Relate the size and shape of red blood cells to their function.

12.What is the purpose of the lymphatic system?

NERVOUS SYSTEM

3.Explain the nervous system of: Cnidaria, Platyhelminthes, Mollusca, Annelida, Arthropoda

4.What is the role of glial cells in neural tissue?

5.Describe the structure of a neuron. What is the function of each part?

6.Explain the path of a nerve impulseconducted through a neuron.

7.Describe the trends of brain development in animals.Why are changes in the gyri/sulci significant.

8.Describe how a change in membrane potential can trigger the firing of a neuron.

Immune System

1.Explain the difference between innate and adaptive mechanisms of immunity.

2.What are the three lines of defense in your body?

3.What is inflammation? What kind of immunity is it?

4.Identify the organs of the lymphatic system.

5.Describe the difference between an antigen and an antibody.

6.Explain the different reaction that will occur between two people’s immune systems upon exposure to a pathogen where one individual has been vaccinated for the pathogen and the other individual has never been exposed to the pathogen.

7.What are B-cells, phagocytes and macrophages?

8.Distinguish between Helper T-cells and Killer T-cells.

Excretory System

1.Describe the difference between a hypotonic, isotonic and hypertonic solution. What happens to red blood cells in each?

2.What processes disturb water balance? Why?

3.What biomolecule is the source of nitrogenous waste? Name three forms of nitrogenous wastes. Place these in order of most toleast toxic. Which ones use ATP?

4.Name some animals that are osmoregulators and osmoconformers. What do these terms mean?

5.What are the three functions of excretory organs?