You are a physiologist on a space flight to a distant planet. You discover intelligent humanoid aliens inhabiting the planet and they willingly submit to your tests. You discover that the alien's kidneys handle substance X just like human kidneys handle inulin. You also test the alien for its renal handling of substance Y. The data from that experiment are: Plasma substance X concentration: 5 g/100ml; Plasma substance Y concentration: 2 g/100ml; 24 hour urine: 2 liters, containing 150 g substance X and 100 g substance Y. 1) What is the alien's glomerular filtration rate (GFR)? 2) What is the alien's urine clearance rate for substance Y? 3) Assuming substance Y is 100% filtered in the alien’s kidney glomerulus, is there a net reabsorption or net secretion of substance Y in its renal tubules?.

1. Describe what the MHC is and its dual function.
2. Describe two ways in which a cytotoxic T cell can kill infected cells
3. Name 3 ways in which T helper cells provide help and are pivotal in maintaining the adaptive immune response

Unfortunately, many tobacco smokers diagnosed with cancer do not stop smoking, which increases their risk of mortality. A randomized controlled trial was performed to determine if extended use of varenicline should be used to treat tobacco use among cancer patients. Varenicline is a prescription medication used to treat nicotine addiction.

Using data from the following table, answer the questions that follow. Be careful…the primary outcome is a beneficial thing (smoking abstinence at 24 weeks).

1. Is extended treatment associated with 7-day abstinence at 24 weeks? Calculate the correct measure of association and interpret your answer numerically.

Why are we not inundated with bacterial infections on our skin? and Compare and contrast the two modes of embryonic bone formation. Be sure to highlight what these are and describe the unique developmental cascades that unfold for each.

In the adaptive immune system, name the ways in which an antibody can act as an adapter molecule to be effective?

Explain the factors which affect oxygen unloading and Explain the factors which affect carbon dioxide loading.

Explain the mechanism that results in the formation of a concentrated urine in an individual with hyperosmotic blood

1) Eddie, an overweight 40-year-old, decides it’s time for his first physical in ten years. He has no history of heart issues, but his father died of a myocardial infarction at age 41 and his mother is diabetic. What tests would the MD order to get a read on his heart? The doctor would also tell him to take a daily over the counter anticoagulant. What should he buy at the drug store?

2) Explain why mature red blood cells cannot undergo mitosis.

Explain why Jay was infertile. Ectopic pregnancy Jean, a 23-year-old optician, was rushed into hospital with severe lower abdominal pain and low blood pressure. Examination and tests revealed that Jean had raised serum levels of human chorionic gonadotropin, blood in her peritoneal cavity, and an ectopic pregnancy. The embryo had implanted into the anterior wall of her rectum and had eroded a branch of the superior rectal artery causing an intra-abdominal bleed

1. Epithelial Tissues

   1. Characteristics

   2. Location

   3. Types of cells

   4. Function

2. Cell - Cell Adhesions/Junctions

   1. Types

   2. Molecule types involved

   3. Locations

   4. Functions

3. Connective Tissues

   1. Characteristics

   2. Locations

   3. Types of cells

   4. Matrix

   5. Ground Substance

   6. Functions

4. Glandular Tissue

   1. Type of Glands

      1. (Examples: Exocrine vs Endocrine, Sudoriferous & its subtypes, Sebaceous, Ceruminous)

   2. Secretions

   3. Types of ducts

5. Serous and Mucous Membranes

   1. Serous

      1. Visceral vs Parietal

1) The Shark's spiral valve (choose all that apply)

A) Keeps water out of the nostrils

B) is located in the intestine

C) is located in the stomach

D) Increased surface area for digestion/nutrient absorption

E) Provides buoyancy and increased efficiency of swimming

F) Allows water to flow over the gills

2) The closest extant organism that evolutionarily links fish and amphibians is:

A) salamanders

B) caecilians

C) acanthostega

D) conodonts

E) Lamprey

F) Lungfish

3) Animals that have body temperature dependent on the environments (Choose all that apply)

A) are endotherms

B) are homeotherms

C) are ectotherms

D) eat a lot to meet their high energy needs

E) Eat less due to low energy needs

F) Fish & sharks

G) Amphibians & reptiles

H) Birds

4) Fish and amphibians SHARE which of these characteristics: (Choose all that apply)

A) chordates

B) vertebrates

C) endotherms

D) poikilotherms

E) deuterostomes

F) Protostomes

G) Scaley skin

H) Amniotes

5) Which of the following characteristics are shared by a hagfish and a lamphrey? (choose all that apply)

A) a rasping tongue

B) paired fins

C) jaws

D) a notochord

E) Scaled skin

F) Gills

G) operculum

1. You have designed a new drug (Provasoshut®) that acts as an agonist of alpha-adrenergic receptors. In most of the systems you have studied (e.g. capillary beds of the digestive system, liver, and adipose), Provasoshut® causes vasoconstriction that lasts for at least 15 minutes. However, when you tried the drug on the capillary beds of the contracting muscle of the frog leg prep in your physiology lab, the vasoconstriction lasted only 20 seconds! What is the best explanation for the short-lived action of Provasoshut® in this preparation?