What specialized tissue in the gut wall serves to monitor luminal microflora, what cells are involved in this monitoring, and how do those cells interact with lymphoid cells of the adaptive immune systems?

What are the physical barriers which act to maintain the epithelial barrier to microorganisms in the intestine? If that barrier breaks down, how does this change the way mucosal immune defenses act? What are defensins? What cells produce and secrete them? What is secretory IgA and where does it come from?

Give ONE specific homeostatic imbalance in which the immune system, endocrine system and nervous system are required to work together to reach homeostasis. Explain how each system does this in detail.

Bobby, a 72-year-old retired male went to his doctor, complaining of leg pain that started in his lower back, ran across the side of his thigh and over the front of his knee. Next, he developed pain that radiated from his back to his front at the chest through the level of his nipples and also at the umbilicus.

A physical and laboratory tests showed hard nodule on his prostate and an elevation in several of the blood tests. His PSA (prostate specific antigen), an enzyme secreted by normal prostate tissue was very high. Alkaline phosphatase was also elevated, an indication of bone involvement.

A bone scan was ordered to visualize the bone involvement.

Usually prostate cancer's growth is initially influenced by the presence of testosterone. If testosterone is removed by castration, the cancer will often shrink for some period of time before the remaining fraction of testosterone-independent cancer cells grow.

Bobby was not interested in castration and asked if there was another form of treatment. He was treated was a single shot of a drug which is slowly released into the body over a three month time period. Within that time the patient noticed marked relief in his pain.

Why would the scan show bone abnormalities? What would cause it?

A woman has a mutation that causes the zona pellucida to be tough and not disintegrate. How would this affect her fertility? Explain.

Which endocrine organs are responsible for regulating blood calcium levels?

Trace the flow of lymph from the kidney to the right atrium.

Some fish or reptiles can be larger than human infants. explain why the human requires a four-chamber heart (2 atria and 2 ventricles) 4 marks

One term should be from the digestive system and one should be from the integumentary system.
    It is OK to write one, two or more sentences to accomodate the two terms.
    Think about using different diseases, conditions, signs, symptoms, procedures, treatments or therapies related to these systems.

Hi, please include a detailed answer for both parts of this question, thanks!

1 A) Identify the changes in TSH and TRH secretion that you would expect to see in a patient with hypothyroidism due to iodine deficiency. (1 mark-50-100 words)

1 B) Using your knowledge of thyroid hormone regulation, explain why you would see these changes in TSH and TRH secretion. (2 marks-150-200 words)

Answer questions 1-3 with a brief explanation

1. This region of the brain that is responsible for the contribution of somatic motor movements, which regulates balance in movements.

1. Thalamus
2. Cerebrum
3. Amygdala
4. Cerebellum

2. Mark was taken to the ER due to a lack in feeling of pain and temperature sensations around his body. It was discovered that part of his spinal tract, connecting the spine and thalamus, was severed. Which tract was likely severed, causing his lack in above sensations?

1. Anterior Spinothalamic tract
2. Spinocerebellar tract
3. Lateral spinothalamic tract
4. Spinocerebral tract

3. The part of the nervous system responsible for control of the bodily functions not consciously directed, such as breathing, the heartbeat, and digestive processes.

1. Central
2. Somatic
3. Autonomic

RESPIRATORY SYSTEM

1.Name each organ of the mammalian respiratory system and provide its function.

2.Use Boyle’s law and the anatomy of a mammal to explain how inhalation and exhalation occurs.

3.What is “partial pressure”? Explain its role in gas exchange.

4.What is the difference between external gills and internal gills? What are the advantages/disadvantages of each?

5.Structure determines function: what features are common in different respiratory organs, and how do these features help with gas exchange?