CIRCULATORY SYSTEM

7.Describe the cardiac cycle (the path electricity takes through the heart). How is the heartbeat stimulated (does it need input from the brain or not)?

8.Understand the different structures within the mammalian circulatory system including blood vessels and the heart

9.What are the functions of the vertebrate circulatory system?

10.Describe the pattern of circulation by tracing a drop of blood through the pulmonary and systemic circulations

11.Relate the size and shape of red blood cells to their function.

12.What is the purpose of the lymphatic system?

NERVOUS SYSTEM

3.Explain the nervous system of: Cnidaria, Platyhelminthes, Mollusca, Annelida, Arthropoda

4.What is the role of glial cells in neural tissue?

5.Describe the structure of a neuron. What is the function of each part?

6.Explain the path of a nerve impulseconducted through a neuron.

7.Describe the trends of brain development in animals.Why are changes in the gyri/sulci significant.

8.Describe how a change in membrane potential can trigger the firing of a neuron.

Immune System

1.Explain the difference between innate and adaptive mechanisms of immunity.

2.What are the three lines of defense in your body?

3.What is inflammation? What kind of immunity is it?

4.Identify the organs of the lymphatic system.

5.Describe the difference between an antigen and an antibody.

6.Explain the different reaction that will occur between two people’s immune systems upon exposure to a pathogen where one individual has been vaccinated for the pathogen and the other individual has never been exposed to the pathogen.

7.What are B-cells, phagocytes and macrophages?

8.Distinguish between Helper T-cells and Killer T-cells.

Excretory System

1.Describe the difference between a hypotonic, isotonic and hypertonic solution. What happens to red blood cells in each?

2.What processes disturb water balance? Why?

3.What biomolecule is the source of nitrogenous waste? Name three forms of nitrogenous wastes. Place these in order of most toleast toxic. Which ones use ATP?

4.Name some animals that are osmoregulators and osmoconformers. What do these terms mean?

5.What are the three functions of excretory organs?

Why is glucose homeostasis so important? What are symptoms of high/low blood glucose?

Part 1: Describe the amount and distribution of body water in the intracellular and extracellular compartments. Describe a cell's characteristics under hypertonic and hypotonic conditions.

Part 2: BE SURE TO ANSWER BOTH PARTS! (A) Describe the rate of water reabsorption/secretion in the collecting ducts of a person with water deprivation, as compared with a person who ingests 3 liters of water per day. (B). Schwartz-Bartter syndrome is characterized by excessive release of ADH. This will have what effects on ECF and ICF volumes?

8. Fill in the Blanks:

A nerve ____ is generated when a nerve receives a stimulus above ______.

During the depolarization of a nerve cell membrane, ______ ions move into the neuron.

During the repolarization of a nerve cell membrane, _______ ions move out of the neuron.

Following an action potential the short period of time when sodium gates cannot open is called the _____ period. After this time, the ______ pump will ______ transport _____ ions into the neuron and ________ ions out of the neuron to re-establish the ________ potential

A nerve ________ is generated when a nerve receives a stimulus above ________.

During the depolarization of a nerve cell membrane, _______ ions move into the neuron.

During the repolarization of a nerve cell membrane, ________ ions move out of the neuron.

Following an action potential the short period of time when sodium gates cannot open is called the _____ period. After this time, the ______ pump will ______ transport ________ ions into the neuron and _______ ions out of the neuron to re-establish the _______ potential.

9. Explain in a short paragraph why myelinated nerves carry impulses much faster than unmyelinated nerves. Use the following terms in your explanation: Schwann cell, saltatory conduction, Nodes of Ranvier, action potential, myelin sheaths, sensory and motor neurons.

when the diaphragm relaxes, it moves_____, compressing the lungs and pushing waste gases out.
1. outward
2. inward
3. downward
4. upward

2. How does the vast majority of oxygen travel in the blood?
1. as oxygen associated with hemoglobin
2. as bicarbonate
3. as dissolved oxygen in the plasma
4. as carbaminohemoglobin

3. what occurs when air moves from the atmosphere of high pressure into the lower pressure of the lungs?
1. gas exchange
2. exhalation
3. expiration
4. inspiration

4. in your own words, describe the process of inspiration

5. In pneumonia, fluid collects in the alveoli. What conclusion can you draw regarding the efficiency of gas exchange in this state?

6. for a person who has or is currently hyperventilating, why does breathing into a paper bag restore normal blood chemistry more rapidly than continued breathing into the atmosphere?

7. identify the separate volumes that make up the total lung capacity.

Question: Draw the process by which water-soluble nutrients are absorbed. Include the following labels:

1. Monosaccharide

2. Amino acid

3. Absorptive cell(s)

4. Apical cell surface

5. Basolateral cell surface

6. Villus

7. Blood capillaries

8. Lacteal

What transport mechanism allows water to cross the apical surface of an absorptive cell in the mucosa of the GI tract?

Facilitated diffusion

Osmosis

Primary active transport

Secondary active transport

Simple diffusion

In the sliding filament model, ________ stay in place and ________ are pulled toward the center of the
sarcomere.                                                                           

In the sliding filament model, ________ stay in place and ________ are pulled toward the center of the
sarcomere.                                                                           

In the sliding filament model, ________ stay in place and ________ are pulled toward the center of the
sarcomere.                                                                           

Rapid, repeated stimulation produces a sustained muscle contraction called ________.

Which of the following occurs during a muscle contraction ?

Jogging, swimming, and aerobics all have this effect on skeletal muscle tissue.

In the sliding filament model, ________ stay in place and ________ are pulled toward the center of the
sarcomere.                                                                           

Clearly explain the biochemical mechanism by which humans get well from bacterial infection after taking puromycin.

the arterial blood gas results show pCO2 of 54 and pH 7.6,this suggest

a. metbolic alkalosis

b. respiratory alkalosis

c. metabolic acidosis

d. respiratory acidosis

e.norma; blood gas values