why is visceral pain sometimes experienced as somatic pain? Pretend you are trying to explain this phenomenon to one of your peers.

What problems would occur if a newborn’s foramen ovale failed to close?

what are the rights of society towards the pregnant mother

What is the difference between primary and secondary pharmacological mediators in the type I hypersensitivity response? Name two of each.

1) Professor Wollschlager was rock climbing at Devil’s Tower in Wyoming. After a very successful climb to the top and back down, she was exhausted and slipped in the last 5 feet. When she hit the ground, a small, sharp twig was forced in between 2 vertebrae and was compressing part of her spinal cord on the left side. On her way to the ER, she noticed that she could no longer feel pain or temperature from specific areas AND she could not move some of her appendicular muscles in other areas. Being the professional that she is, she announced, ”Ha! I know what is wrong and which spinal tracts are affected!” The twig was removed and she made a full recovery. Which specific pathways were affected (2 pts)? What general areas (which side, above or below compression) of her body were pain/temperature lost (2 pts)? What general areas (which side, above or below compression) of her body were loss of appendicular muscle movement lost (2 pts)? How do you know where the loss is in each tract (2 pts)? Compare and contrast the two pathways that are affected by the compression (Note: Don’t restate things you already described in other questions above as repeating information doesn’t count) (2 points for one SPECIFIC similarity, 8 pts for four SPECIFIC differences) When comparing and contrasting, be careful not to count one difference as two. For example, if you are comparing two roses, they are similar in that they are roses and they are different in that they are different colors (one is white and the other is red). That is one similarity and one difference. Saying they are both flowers, is far too vague and NOT specific.Also stating that they are different colors, without explaining the color differences isn’t being specific. 2 pts for essay formatting, grammar, spelling.

Select the incorrect statement about ADH.

Select one:

a. It stimulates reabsorption of water

b. It is not secreted if the body consumes large amounts of water

c. It is secreted if the body fluids become hypertonic

d. It is produced by the distal tubule

e. It is also called vasopressin

Discuss the function of central nervous system reflexes. Describe two brain and five spinal reflexes. Be sure to include their pathway and function.

List and briefly describe two examples of specialization in the innate immune system and two examples of specialization in the adaptive immune system

Describe the general anatomy and function of the somatic and autonomic efferent nervous systems. How are the functions of the two different from one another? What are the two subdivisions of the autonomic nervous system? Describe the specific anatomy of the sympathetic and parasympathetic nervous systems in term of the location of the preganglionic neuron, ganglia, and postganglionic neurons. What organ systems are stimulated by each; what organ systems are inhibited by each? What is the specific impact, if any, of each on the following organs: heart, lungs, small intestines, pancreas, liver, and kidneys?

Explain how all 3 GFR autoregulatory mechanisms combined would respond to a sudden increase in MAP (increase in GFR) to restore GFR. Note: some of these autoregulatory mechanisms might be activated, others inhibited.