Most fungi that cause harm to humans are not obligate human pathogens. In other words, these fungi are not highly adapted to attacking humans. How and why do these fungi cause harm?

Define what the great oxygen catastrophe was and what organisms caused it and were affected by it.

1. In this experiment, you will set things up again the same way you did in the very first, only this time you will add Mycobacterium tuberculosis instead of yeast. Graph the data as above, and answer the questions below.

a) What do you notice immediately about sugar utilization in M. tuberculosis?

b) Consider each sugar carefully, and provide a possible explanation for each of them. You may want to refer back to the structures of the sugars provided at the beginning.

The risk of tumor metastasis can be assessed by examining gene expression, signal cascade activity, or protein expressions of pathological sections. Imagine an adenoma (formed by epithelial cells, non-metastatic yet) next to mesenchymal stromal cells, indicate whether the following situations would promote or inhibit or N/D (not able to determine) the metastasis of the adenoma (use those words). (10 pts)

Expression of TGF- RNA in adenoma ______________________

Expression of BMP RNA in adenoma ______________________

Expression of vimentin protein in adenoma ______________________

Expression of Cox-2 in stromal cells ______________________

Nuclear localization of -catenin in adenoma ______________________

Activation of TGF- signal cascade in adenoma ______________________

Activation of TGF- signal cascade in stromal cells ______________________

Expression of E-cadherin in carcinoma epithelia ______________________

Expression Snail in adenoma ______________________

Expression of Snail in stromal cells             ______________________

Describe the difference between a lytic and lysogenic bacteriophage cycle

Complete the following definitions with regards to viral replication:

PLEASE TYPE & EXPLAIN which covers both parts A&B

A) You conduct a serial dilution where you repeatedly dilute .5mL of solution into 4.5 mL of diluent three times. What is the dilution of your solution?

A.1:10 B.1:100 C.1:1000 D.1: 3, ALSO imagine you put 1ml of milk onto a plate and after 24 hours observed 135 colonies on the plate, how many CFU/mL are in the milk? NOW Imagine you put 1ml of milk onto a plate and after 24 hours observed 135 colonies on the plate, how many CFU/ mL are in the milk?

B) what do we learn of this experiment that will continue to influence us for many years to come?  

1. In the second experiment, you perform everything the same way you did in the first, but this time you replace the air in each flask with nitrogen gas (N₂) which is essentially inert before you begin. Graph the data, and be sure to display the equations of the trendlines for each condition. Insert your graph below the data table and answer the following questions.

a) How does the rate of glucose consumption compare with the first experiment you did?

b) Do you think yeast is performing cellular respiration? Why or why not.

CASE STUDY #1

Review the case below and answer the following questions.

This should be original work, no references or information from online. Please be detailed.

38-year-old female with excessive thirst, frequent urination, and weight loss.

History: Cindy Mallon, an 38 year old Caucasian female in previously good health, she has noticed that in the past month, she is increasingly thirsty. She gets up several times a night to urinate, and finds herself gulping down glassfuls of water. At the dinner table, she seems unusually hungry, yet she has lost 5 pounds in the past month. In the past three days, she has felt lethargic and had noted some visual changes where her vision is blurry.

QUESTIONS:

At the doctor's office, blood and urine samples are taken. The following lab results are noted:

blood glucose level = 445 mg/dl (normal = 50 - 170 mg/dl)

blood pH level = 7.40 (normal = 7.35 -7.45)

urine = tested positive for glucose and negative for acetone / acetoacetate (i.e. ketone bodies)

Answer the following questions, be sure to use proper terminology and detail your answers considering your review of your chapter via textbook, notes and video screen cast of module components:

1. What would be some endocrinological reasons for her blood-glucose levels to be elevated?

2. At the office, you examine her and notice that she has a dark pigmented ring around her neck and is considered to be morbidly obese. The pigmentation is called acanthosis nigricans and is sometimes noted with metabolic disorders. Do those signs have to do with her current condition?

3. Explain why Cindy is urinating so frequently in detail and physiologically how and why it occurs.

4. Explain her constant thirst in detail including what causes it.

5. What are the possible long-term complications of her disease?

Some fats, like oil, are liquid at room temperature, while others, such as butter, are solid. A) Explain how the structure of these molecules determines whether they are liquid or solid. B) Somethings, such as sugar, easily dissolve in water while others, like oils, don’t dissolve in water. What aspect of the molecule’s structure determine whether it dissolves in water or not?

Bioenergetics: What features of avian and mammalian physiology promote their high metabolic rates? How do they use this additional energy? (For each question, provide at least 3 answers involving at least 2 physiological systems)

1. Which of the following pairs of statements are true regarding the immune system

1. Primary organs of the immune system are generative. The thymus gives rise to both B and T cells
2. Primary organs of the immune system are generative. Maturation of both B and T cells occur in the bone marrow.
3. B cells originate in the bone marrow. T cells originate in the thymus
4. Maturation occurs in the secondary lymph organs. T and B cells mature in the spleen or lymph node depending on where they are needed
5. Primary organs of the immune system are generative. Antigen-lymphocyte interactions occur in the spleen for systemic pathogens

1. Which of the following represent general function(s) associated with EVERY cytokines

1. All of the answers are correct
2. Direct chemotaxis
3. Hormone like factors that coordinate immune system efforts
4. Promote differentiation of hematopoietic stem cells
5. Small proteins that function in cell signaling

1. The toxic lipopolysaccharides produced by most Gram-negative bacteria is classify as what type of toxin

1. A/B toxin
2. Exotoxin
3. Cytolytic toxin
4. Enterotoxin
5. Endotoxin

Darwin was not the first one to propose that living organisms evolve. What Charles Darwin did was to propose a mechanism that explains how evolution occurs, which he called Natural Selection. In less than 200 words, summarize what Natural Selection is.

Please answer all

1. Resident biota are absent from the

- Pharynx

- Gastrointestinal system

- Central Nervous system

- Genitourinary system

- Skin

2. An example of an exogenous pyrogen is

- Interleukin-1

- Complement.

- Interferon.

- Endotoxin.

3. Two children attend the same preschool, but one child is at the facility on Mondays and Wednesday, while the other child attends the facility on Tuesdays and Thursdays. Both children become ill with Erythema infectiosum within a day of each other. What is this type of pathogenic transmission called?

- Fomite transmission

- Droplet transmission

- Vector transmission

- Direct contact transmission

- Vertical transmission

4. The index case is the first case found in an epidemiological investigation.

True

False

5. The ability of a microorganism to cause disease is called _____________.

6. A/an __________ is a passive animal transporter of pathogens.

7. Indirect contact transmission occurs when pathogens are spread from one host to another inanimate objects inadvertently used to transfer pathogens. These are called ____________.

8. Bacterial contaminants can grow in food in a closed container. Someone can develop food poisoning after eating food from the container that was opened and heated because bacteria were producing ___________

9. The degree of a microorganism's capability to cause disease is called ____________

10. The virulence factors produced by Staphylococcus aureus that enables it to invade the body is __________

11. What are the components of the body's first line of defense?

12. What are the components of the body's second line of defense?

I'm certain chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, part of the airway (the bronchioles) constricts. what affects will this have on the airflow _____

During protein synthesis, does translation stop when the signal peptide is synthesized or does translation stop when the SRP (signal receptor particles) bind to the signal peptides -- assuming it's being sent to the endomembrane system?