Describe the pathway of an oxygen molecule from outside the body to the kidneys

Explain how exonization of mobile DNA elements might contribute to the evolution of complex transcription units.

What genotypes would be expected for the offspring from the following matings? What are the phenotypic ratios for each cross? Explain how you came up with this ratio?

a. AABB x aaBB

b. AaBB x AABb

c. AaBb x aabb

d. AaBb x AaBb

On the basis of the mitochondrial electron transport and ATP synthase inhibitors (myxothaizol, FCCP, Venturicidin, and Ventruicidin + FCCP) list the effects of these on the rates (decrease activity, increase activity, no activity) of oxygen consumption and ATP synthesis in a mitochondrial suspension containing all of the metabolites needed to reduce oxygen and synthesize ATP. Explain your reasoning in each case.

Exercise : Enzyme-Linked Immunosorbent Assay (ELISA)

At the conclusion of this exercise you should be able to:

• explain the principles of the enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA).
• determine the qualitative results of a clinical scenario using ELISA.
• understand the purpose of the reagents used in ELISA.

Background

Immunology is the study of the immune response. This involves the interaction between antigens, antibodies, and cells. Immune responses are generated by the body to recognize substances considered to be “foreign”. Microorganisms can generate different immune responses when they infect a host. This leads to the formation of antibody in a host. This exercise will explore some of the basic principles of immunology using an indirect ELISA to identify the presence of antigen in a sample of serum.

Scenario

A serum sample was obtained from a patient who was affected by a severe gastrointestinal infection, which was presumed to be caused by a bacterial infection. In order to investigate the causative agent, an ELISA using antibodies of known intestinal pathogens was performed to identify the microorganism that caused this infection.

Materials

1. A sample of serum was obtained from the child.
2. Antigens obtained from three known gastrointestinal pathogens:

Shigella sonnei, Escherichia coli, and Salmonella typhimurium

3. Microtitre polystyrene plate.
4. Coating buffer (phosphate buffer solution, pH 9.6; PBS).
5. Blocking buffer (PBS/Tween)-Tween is a detergent added to buffer to prevent non-specific binding of molecules.
6. Secondary antibody (anti-human immunoglobulin). This antibody is attached to an enzyme that will react with a substrate that is added in the last step of the process.
7. Enzyme substrate: this is used in immunoassays. For this assay, the substrate used is horseradish peroxidase, which causes a yellow reaction once it attaches to the secondary antibody.

Procedure

1. Add 50 µl of each of the three antigens diluted in coating buffer to rows A-C and columns 1-12 of a microtiter plate.

Row A: Shigella sonnei

Row B: Escherichia coli

Row C: Salmonella typhimurium

2. After incubating for 1 hour at room temperature remove liquid by tapping onto paper towel.
3. Add 300 µl blocking solution to each well and leave for 5minutes.
4. Tap out residual solution.
5. Add 50 µl of PBS/Tween to rows A-C and columns 1-12.
6. Add 50 µl of the patient’s serum to column 2 and rows 1-3.
7. Proceed to make two-fold dilutions in each row by removing 50 µl from column 2 and transferring to column 3. Continue until the last column is reached (column 12).
8. Incubate the plate at room temperature for 1 hour.
9. Empty plate by tapping out fluid on a paper towel.
10. Fill each well with wash solution (PBS/Tween), invert and remove residual liquid. Repeat 3 times.
11. Add 50 µl of secondary antibody to each well and incubate 1 hour at room temperature.
12. Remove residual liquid as described above and complete 3 washes as above.
13. Add 50 µl of substrate to each well and note the change in colour in each well.

Results

The results of this experiment are shown below.

Questions

1. Which organisms was the causative agent of infection for this patient? Explain you answer in comparison to the other samples provided.

2. What is the purpose of using a negative control? Explain what it means of column 1 wells appear yellow.

3. What are the fundamental differences between direct and indirect ELISA methods?

4. Explain the purpose of diluting the serum sample provided.

5. Describe the purpose of each of the components in the ELISA.

OUR UNDERSTANDING OF GENETIC INHERITANCE AND THE FUNCTION OF DNA IN PRODUCING THE CHARACTERISTICS OF THE INDIVIDUAL HAVE DEVELOPING FOR MORE THAN 150 YEARS. CONSIDER OUR CURRENT STATE OF KNOWLEDGE. LINK GENETIC CHARACTERISTICS TO DNA STRUCTURE. EXPLAIN HOW D N A THROUGH THE PROCESS OF PROTRIN SYNTHESIS IS RESPONSIBLE FOR THELTIMATE EXPRESSON OF THE CHARACTERISTICS IN THE ORGANISM. DESCRIBE HOW INTERFERENCE IN PROTEIN SYNTHESIS CAN RESULT IN DISRUPTION OF CELLULAR AND BODILY PROCESSES? HOW DOES THE SIGNIFICANE OF ONE CLASS OF PROTEINS, THE ENZMES, RELATIVE TO THE IMPORTANCE OF PROPER NUTRITION THROUGHOUT LIFE?

MENDELUSED MATHEMATICS OF EXPERIMENTATION TO DERIVE MAJOR PRINCIPAL THAT HAVE HELPED US UNDERSTAND INHERITANCE HIS IDEAS WERE TOTALLY DIFFERENT THAN THE EXPLANATION FOR PASSAGE OF CHARACTERISTICS FROM PARENTS TO OFFSPRING THAT WAS COMMON TO HIS TIME. LIST AND DESCRIBE HOW EACH CONTRIBUTES TO GENETIC VARIABILITY, HOW MIGHT BIOLOGY HAVE BE DIFFERENT IF HIS DISCOVERIES HAD NOT BEEN LOST FOR DECADE? BE PREPAREDGNIFICANCE OF MENDEL'S DISCOVERIES TO MODERN BIOLOGY.

SUBMISSION DETAILS:

SUBMIT YOUR DOCUMENT TO THE SUBMISSIONS AREA BY THE DUE DATE ASSIGNED. BY 2/3/18.

1. Give the function of each, particularly as it relates to terrestriality and/or endothermy.

a) zygapophyses

b) turbinates

c) secondary palate

d) sternum

e) true muscular tongue + hyoid apparatus supporting it

f) interclavicle (joins two halves of pectoral girdle to give greater strength)

g) cleidoic egg

COMMON MUD SNAIL (Ilyanassa obsoleta), ROUNDWORM (Caenorhabditis elegans), SEA SQUIRT (Ciona spp.), ZEBRAFISH (Danio rerio), MOUSE (Mus musculus)

a. One of these species has individuals who are either male, female, or hermaphroditic (hint = Phylum Mollusca). Identify the species, and then explain two ways in which the hermaphrodites participate in mating in this species.

b. One of these species has individuals who are either male or hermaphroditic, with the latter being most prevalent (hint = Phylum Nematoda). Identify the species, and then explain one advantage of having each type of individual in this species.

c. Two of these species exhibit holoblastic rotational cleavage. Identify the two species, and then describe how their cleavage is different from the cleavage associated with zebrafish development, making sure to describe how the processes are influenced by the amount and distribution of yolk. Limit of three sentences per type of cleavage.

d. Biologists have analyzed the effects of exogenous agents on zebrafish development. Briefly describe one study in which such an agent is critical for normal embryogenesis but disruptive at high concentrations, and another study in which such an agent is disruptive at all concentrations tested. Limit of three sentences per study.

Can someone simply break down the structure of Corona virus and how it reproduces in the human body ?

Explain how coevolution can be a force in competitive, parasitic and mutualistic relationships.

Some species of finches have more robust beaks in order to crush seeds available in their environment. Recent data show that their BMP4 expression in the developing beak is initiated sooner than other species, resulting in more tissue growth during embryogenesis.

First, indicate whether this is an example of heterotopy, heterochrony, heterometry, or heterotypy, defining your chosen term. Second, describe how you might use the chicken embryo as a model system to test the hypothesis that this earlier timing of BMP4 expression is responsible for more robust beaks in some species of finches. Be sure to provide a brief description of the relevant technique(s), and to include at least one control.

1.- Why can ruminant herbivores use ammonia or urea (non-protein nitrogen) as a valuable nutrient? What happens to post-gastric fermenting herbivores, such as horses, when they eat a diet containing high levels ammonia? Why?

2.- Hummingbirds are very small birds (about 10 grams) that are extremely active in the wild and often spend winters in relatively cool places like Davis. Humans like you stay in Davis during the winter too.

A) The maintenance energy requirements of adult hummingbirds (kcal per gram body weight per day) are very high compared to humans. Why is this?

B) Why can hummingbirds that live in Davis meet their amino acid requirements eating foods that have very low levels (5) of protein?

suggest the best policy for Australian Goverment to prevent  Coronary heart disease in older population. give a brief and clear answer. response my question as soon as possible.