Regarding ATP/AMP concentrations in the cell:

a. Upon ATP hydrolysis, why might the AMP increase affect the cell more than the ATP decrease?

b. What role does AMP kinase play?

c. What pathways would be activated by high ATP/low AMP, energy producing or energy storage?

d. What pathways would be activated by low ATP/high AMP, energy producing or energy storage?

clinical definition of microcephaly? other causes? Answer in 200 or more words in an essay please

What structural/organizational characteristic of an operon ensures that the genes contained in the operon will be coordinately controlled?

1. Discuss the role of psychoneuroimmunology in medical diagnostics and in our daily lives.

2. Briefly discuss the role of the complement system in disease and diseases associated with complement deficiencies.

How would the respiratory mechanism respond to acidosis?  Alkalosis? What of renal mechanism?

Describe the 5 events that convert an mRNA into a cDNA.

Peregrine falcons are one of the several species of raptors whose populations declined       dramatically in the mid-60's after exposure to pesticides that caused them to lay very thin-shelled eggs.  In fact, the population in eastern North America disappeared entirely, but birds have been reintroduced.  Even though use of DDT has been banned in the USA, it is still used elsewhere, and is manufactured in the USA, and so species such as peregrines are still exposed to some extent to these toxins.  At a locus coding for an enzyme involved in laying down calcium in the eggshell, birds of genotype AA lay perfect eggs, while those that are Aa suffer 10% egg breakage (s_Aa = 0.10), and those that are aa suffer 70% egg breakage (s_aa = 0.70).  The original populations starts with 450 individuals of genotype AA, 380 of genotype Aa, and 170 individuals of aa.  

(a)  What is the starting allele frequency for the (A) allele (in other words, what is p₀)?   What would the allele frequency for the (A) allele be in the adults after one generation (what is p₁)?

(b)   If the p₁ generation of adults reproduced by random mating, how many chicks in the population would you expect to find with the aa genotype (the most fragile) if you counted a total of 100 baby falcons?

Part 2. Answer both:

1. How would you determine whether the morphological diversity of animals has increased, decreased, or stayed the same since the Cambrian? Explain what kind of data you would collect, how you would analyze it, and what sorts of biases you might need to correct for.
2. Choose three species of wild organisms (not domesticated species or humans) and predict how their populations and geographic ranges will change in the future, assuming that global climate change continues at its current rate.

Describe how energy from sunlight is converted into chemical energy in the form of ATP. Be thorough.

1. The prevalence of most psychological disorders has increased since the 1980s. In addition, no fictional or nonfictional description of individuals showing dissociative amnesia following a trauma exists prior to 1800. How would you explain this phenomenon?

2. Find an example (via a search engine) of a past instance in which a person committed a horrible

crime, was apprehended, and later claimed to have dissociative identity disorder during the trial. What

was the outcome? Was the person revealed to be faking? If so, how was this determined?

********* Please Answer Both Questions

1. Explain what ZIP and ZnT proteins are and what they do to Zn concentrations.

How long did it take for the R-6 pups to catch up with the N-10 pups in weight? (1 point)

In the “body composition” section of the results section, what is incorrect in those three sentences? (1 point)

How do you know that your answer to question 6 is correct? (1 point)

In the “insulin sensitivity” section of the results section, what is incorrect in the first two sentences? (1 point)

How do you know that your answer to question 8 is correct? (1 point)

In the “glucose tolerance” section of the results section the authors wrote “The AUC for the N-10 group was significantly greater than both the R-16 and the R-10 groups, with the R-6 group being intermediate (Fig. 6).” What is incorrect in this quoted sentence? (1 point)

In the “T-maze test” section of the results section, what is incorrect in those three sentences? (1 point)

How do you know that your answer to question 11 is correct? (1 point)

In the “brain histology” section of the results section, what is incorrect in those two sentences? (1 point)

How do you know that your answer to question 13 is correct? (1 point)

Reference: https://bmcphysiol.biomedcentral.com/articles/10.1186/s12899-015-0017-5

A. State the number of ATP molecules that are formed from the complete breakdown of one glucose molecule.

B. State how most of these ATP's are produced.

C. Describe the role of the NAD, FADH₂ and the ETS in ATP formation