Explain why the rate at which allele frequencies change under drift is influenced by the effective population size, yet the neutral substitution rate under drift is uncorrelated with population size.

Im writing an unknown project for microbiology and I have to briefly introduce the subject of microbiology.

virology and parasitology homawork 1: ( be careful about the plaigarism )

Explain Cyprtosporidium infection. Talk about in which parasite group it is, its morphological forms, life cycle, transmission routes, diseases that it causes and diagnostic methods.

Imagine a case of reverse evolution – an animal evolved water-breathing from an air-breathing ancestor. Design the gas transport cascade for such an imaginary vertebrate taxon, which breathes water, can support O2 consumption rate of at least 50 mlO2/kg/min. You do NOT need to concern yourself with HOW this beastly transformation occurred, but you DO need to make sure that EACH STEP of the O2 transport cascade works quantitatively. Show your calculations for each step of the cascade. Your numbers must be feasible and “add up”.

If this animal encountered an air-breathing diving animal of the same size, metabolic strategy and aerobic capacity, how would their O2 transport cascades differ qualitatively?

Practice Problems for Bio 1:

1) Short hair is dominant over long hair in dogs. If a short-haired dog whose mother was long-haired is crossed with a long-haired dog, what proportion of the offspring will be short-haired?

2) The common grackle is a species of robin-sized blackbirds that are fairly common over most of the United States. Suppose that long tails (L) were dominant to short tails in these birds. A female short-tailed grackle mates with a male long-tailed grackle who had one parent with a long tail and one parent with a short tail. What is the male's genotype? What is the genotypic ratio?

2) A man with type O blood has a sister with type AB blood. What are the genotypes and phenotypes of their parents?

3) The inheritance of curly hair illustrates incomplete dominance. When a curly haired individual reproduces with a straight-haired one, the children all have wavy hair. What offspring would be produced, in what proportions, when two people with wavy hair reproduce?

4) Colorblindness is an X-linked trait recessive disorder. A woman who does not carry the color-blindness allele has children with a man who is color blind. What proportion of their children will be color blind?

5) Huntington disease (HD) is an autosomal dominant disorder. A person who is heterozygous for the Huntington disease allele has offspring with someone who does not have HD. What proportion of their children will have HD?

Offer three examples of how culture and socialization interact with ecosystems?

A white, disc-shaped squash crosses with a yellow, sphere-shaped squash and gives 29 white, disc-shaped; 26 white, sphere-shaped; 25 yellow, disc-shaped; and 24 yellow, sphere-shaped. If the white, disc-shaped parent is self-fertilized, what fraction of its offspring will be yellow, sphere-shaped?

Virus structure and function

a.What are the main structural components of a virus?

b.What does it mean to say that a virus shows host specificity (host range)?

c.What structural feature(s) help with host specificity?

which one is worst Alzheimer’s or dementia?

About utilization of fatty acids to generate ATP, which of the following is INCORRECT?

a). It is first activated by ATP to form fatty acyl-CoA in the cytosol
b). Fatty acyl-CoA needs carnitine acyltransferases to translocate to mitochondria c). Each round of beta-oxidation releases 1 acetyl CoA, 1 NADH and 1 NADPH
d). The translocation process is repressed by high levels of insulin
e). it is repressed by active fatty acid biosynthesis

16. Biosynthesis of fatty acids in mammalian hepatocytes needs NADPH. In addition to pentose pathway, which of the following biochemical processes can provide additional NADPH for biosynthesis?

a) An alternative glycolytic pathway, ED pathway, generates NADPH b) Malic enzyme-catalyzed dehydrogenation of malate
c) Dehydrogenation of pyruvate in cytosol
d) β-oxidation of fatty acids in the cytosol recovers NADPH

e) Dehydrogenate citrate in cytosol

17. Assume a type of lipase identified in adipose tissues which can be activated by an unknown hormone. Upon activation, it releases fatty acids into circulation as fuel supply. Functionally, this hormone is unlikely to be:

a). glucagon b). insulin
c). epinephrine d). T3
e). T4

18. Pancreas is important for metabolism because it produces the following, EXCEPT for:

a). insulin
b). glucagon c). lipases
d). thyroids e). proteases

19. Which of the following pathway in skeletal muscle will not be stimulated by AMPK?

a). glycogenolysis

b). glycolysis
c). gluconeogenesis

d). beta-oxidation

e). krebs cycle

30. Which one is a cofactor needed for the glycogenolysis?

For questions 37-40, refer choices given below:

a). Glut1 b). Glut2 c). Glut3 d). Glut4 e). SGLT

37. The one whose cell surface localization is enhanced by insulin signaling pathway is?
38. Which one is expressed abundantly on neuronal cells?
39. Which one has a large Km and expressed mainly in hepatocytes and pancreatic alpha/beta-cells? 40. Which one is abundantly expressed in red blood cells to ensure supply of glucose to erythrocytes?

summarize steps that people can take to live a more sustainable lifestyle and what major changes should be made in their lives to live more healthfully when it comes to nutritional choices.

A true breeding swan flower plant with smooth petals is crossed with a true breeding swan flower plant with constricted petals. The offspring of this cross all have smooth petals. This indicates that

1) the offspring do not have a constricted allele in their genotype

2) smooth petals are dominant and constricted petals are recessive

3)constricted and smooth petals are not controlled by alleles

4) the F2 generation will have all smooth petals

5) constricted petals are dominant and smooth are recessive

Match each of the following marine organisms with their identifying characteristics. Two of them are wrong.

baleen whales                                                                                   large filter feeders

echinoderms                                                                                                            spiny skin

red algae                           microalgae that can cause red tide toxic bloom

dinoflagellates                          complex life cycles with multiple stage

diatoms                                                                  have silica (glass) shells

crabs and lobsters                                                            decopods (have 10 legs)

manatee                                                                  herbivorous marine mammal

mangrove                                                                                    intertidal zone tree

sponges                    structurally simple animal that filters water

anemones and medusae                                    have stinging cells on their tentacles

snails and sea slugs                       have a muscular foot, eat with radula

mussel and clam                                                                      mollusks with 2 shells

hermit crab                                    crustacean that lives in a snail shell

hagfish and lampreys                                                                                  jawless fish

sharks                                             skeleton of cartilage, not bone

tuna, salmon or anchovy                                                                  bony fish with ray fins

leatherback sea turtle                  marine reptile returns to land to lay eggs