Explain how each evolutionary change seen in the life cycles of seedless non-vascular plants, seedless vascular plants, non-flowering seed plants, and flowering seed plants reflects adaptations to land. In your explanation, explain why each plant group is more successful on land than the ancestral group before it.

3. Compare and contrast megagametogenesis and embryo development in Pinus and angiosperms. You must use, but are not limited to, the following terms: functional megaspore, archegonia, eggs, free nuclear, suspensor, basal cell, developing embryo, megagametophyte, fertilization.

1. When a new college student moves into his dorm room he is woken up every night by the train whistles from the nearby train tracks. After a few weeks he realizes that he sleeps through the night every night. What happened to this student?

A. Habituation

B. Plasticity

C. long-term sensitization

D. stimulus

E. Short-term sensitization

2. A student interested in the molecular mechanism of learning would look for change in a synapse undergoing long-term potentiation?

A. decrease in calcium currents in the postsynaptic cell

B. decreased depolarizations measured in the postsynaptic cell

C. Increase in presynaptic neurotransmitter release

D. increase in numbers of NMDA receptors in the postsynaptic membrane

E. Increase in numbers of AMPA receptors in the postsynaptic membrane

3. Which molecule phosphoyylates AMPA receptors to increase sodium conductance?

A. CAM

B. Na+

C. NMDA

D. Ca2+

E. CaMII

1. During an infectious process, which of the following apply to the specific function of the membrane attack complex (MAC, C5b-9)

1. Induce vasodilation of blood vessels
2. Opsonize the pathogen
3. Induce of the release of interferon from mast cells
4. Increase the rate of phagocytosis
5. None of the above apply to the specific function of the MAC complex  

1. The predominant protective maternal antibody found in breast milk and other secretions is

1. IgM
2. IgG
3. IgD
4. IgS
5. IgE
6. None of the answers are correct

1. Hematopoiesis is induced in response to the production of

1. Ig-4
2. None of the answers are correct
3. Ig-8
4. Ig-2
5. Ig-1
6. Ig-6

1. you are physician treating a pediatric patient infected with the virus that causes mumps. The virus infects the parotids salivary glands with acute illness. Which of the following apply during the early symptomatic stages of the illness?

1. The patient has a population of mump specific memory cells
2. The patient has no mum specific T_h, T_c, and B cells
3. None of the answers apply
4. The patient has a small number of mump specific T_h, T_c, and B cells
5. The patient has an elevated level of mump specific IgE

9. Describe in full detail ONE of the plant hormones discussed in class. Support your description by discussing the chemical nature, site of biosynthesis, transport, effects, and practical uses.

1. T_H cells can recognize and respond to antigens from both extracellular and intracellular pathogens

1. True
2. False

1. Complement activation is directed against microbial pathogens. Which of the following describe the specific functions of the MBL protein in complement activation

1. Punctures cell walls and plasma membranes causing osmotic lysis
2. Induces vasodilation and increases vascular permeability
3. Promotes diapedesis of white blood cells
4. Decreases ribosome function during viral infection
5. Recognition of a microbial PAMP

1. Phagocytosis leads to the destruction of pathogens at the site of infection which of the following does not participate in the clearance of the pathogen by phagocytosis

1. Formation of the phagolysosome
2. Recognition of C3b molecules
3. All of the answers participate
4. Membrane attack complex (MAC) formation
5. Neutrophils
6. Binding to the Fc region of antibodies
7. Recognition of pattern associated molecular patterns

what exactly is temporal and spatial heterogeneity in a ecological sense?

List the steps of the process that occurs in the cytoplasm of eukaryotic cells during translation.

7. Explain the process by which cells and tissues are produced by the vascular cambium and cork cambium. Be specific as to the initials (including fusiform and ray initials) and their derivatives

Describe C4 photosynthesis. Why is it important?

List major cofactors of metabolic enzymes discussed in this course, point out their precursors, describe their roles in metabolic reactions, and provide one reaction for each cofactor participates as an example of a general pattern. It does not have to be all the metabolic pathways listed but please be at least 3 or 4. The metabolic pathways are

1). Krebs cycle

02). Oxidative phosphorylation

03). Glycolysis and lactate formation

04). Glycogen synthesis & breakdown

05). Gluconeogenesis

06). Beta oxidation of fatty acids

07). Pentose phosphate pathway

08). Biosynthesis of fatty acids & phospholipids

09). Biosynthesis of cholesterol & cholesterol dynamics

10). Biosynthesis of amino acids & one carbon units

11). Biosynthesis of nitrogenous molecules

12). Disposal of nitrogenous molecules & urea cycle

6. Label and describe each step in the light-dependent reactions including all of the electron receptors.

Charles Darwin’s work on the theory of natural selection has been misrepresented in many instances by those who do not support the theory. What type of logical fallacy does this represent?

a. Confirmation bias

b. Filter bubble

c. Anecdotal evidence

d. False dichotomy

e. Quote mining

How is a coniferophyta microgametophyta different from a magnoliophyta microgametophyta?