Which of the following organisms can cause gastrointestinal symptoms without infecting the affected individual?

A. Salmonella enterica

B. Staphylococcus aureus

C. Giardia lamblia

D. Shigella

E. Legionella pneumophila

A reservoir of infection...

The Dunkers of Pennsylvania are members of a religious sect, about 50 of whom emigrated from Germany in the early 1700's. They have remained relatively isolated ever since. The frequency of blood group A in this small group is around 60% while in German and American populations generally, the frequency is 40%. The A^B(I^B) allele is absent in the Dunkers but comprises about 15% of the alleles in both German and American populations. Construct an inference to account for the differences in gene frequencies among the Dunkers as compared to American and German populations.

_____50. Most STIs are

                 A. bacterial                   B. viral                  C. fungal                    D. protozoan

_____51. Which one of the following venereal diseases is diagnosed by observing Gram

                 negative diplococci in the phagocytic leukocytes from a urogenital swab particularly

                 in men?

                 A. syphilis          B. gonorrhea           C. nonspecific urethritis          D. trichomoniasis

_____52. Which stage of syphilis is not infectious?

                 A. primary                 B. secondary                  C. tertiary                  D. chancroid

_____53. A distinctive symptom of secondary syphilis is

                 A. hard chancre with an exudative center               B. skin rash on the palms and soles     

                 C. gummatous lesion                                              D. paresis

_____54. The VDRL nontreponemal serological test involves all the following except

                 A. reagin-type antibody       B. cardiolipin       C. syphilis spirochete       D. blood

_____55. Ophthalmia neonatorum is caused by

                 A. Treponema pallidum                            B. Chlamydia trachomatis      

                 C. Acanthamoeba                                     D. Neisseria gonorrhoeae    

_____56. Which one of the following is most often associated with vaginosis?

                  A. Gardnerella vaginalis                         B. Candida albicans                    

                  C. E.coli                                                   D. herpes simplex virus

_____57. Which one of the following diseases kills the most people in the world each year?

                  A. tuberculosis             B. measles            C. hepatitis B           D. cholera             

_____58. Which one of the following organisms has never been cultured on bacterial media?

                 A. Mycobacterium tuberculosis                    B. Neisseria gonorrhoeae

                 C. Mycoplasma pneumoniae                          D. Treponema pallidum                        

_____59. Which one of the following statements about syphilis is true?

               A. the disease was probably introduced to the New World by Columbus’ crew

                 B. T. pallidum probably evolved from the organism that causes yaws

                 C. the causative organism has many virulence factors that enable it to invade

                 D. it is a disease that was originally described by Galen in ancient Greece

Describe the effect that phosphorylation of PFK-2 /FBPase 2 will have on the glycolytic pathway.

7. which of these is reflective of the hierarchical organization of life form most to least inclusive

a phylum, class, order , genus , family

b order, family,phylum, class, genus

c phylum, class, order, family, genus

d genus, phylum, class, order , family

e class, order, phylum, family, genus

How was the chemical nature of the gene discovered?

A 27-year old white female presented her self at her local physician on August 15. On physical exam, the patient had a fever of 38.5C. She appeared fatigued, had tender abdomen and complained of headache, stiff neck and backache with diarrhea. The physician noted an irregular heartbeat. The patient complained of lack of ability to concentrate. The patient gave the following history: She is a graduate student in the wildlife program at the University in her town. She was in the field for three weeks in Wisconsin during the months of May and June. She tracks small mammals in the field and studies their behavior. It had been a warm, wet spring and she complained of a large number of flies in the area. She felt sick the last day there after eating some canned food, as there was no cooler there. You had no time for culturing, as you need to take action fast. 1. What type of disease she could have based on the symptoms and why? You are not required to name a specific disease but a general type of disease. Naming a disease means you have answered the question wrong. 2. What features are not critical to your diagnosis from the case & why? 3. What further steps should be taken to precisely identify the case & why? What microbes you will not consider and why [name 4]. 4. What steps would you take to ensure that the patient is stable till diagnosis is confirmed; explain why would you do this?

identify the specific type of mutation below and determine whether #1 or #2 is worse and explain. mutation #1 CAG CCT TTG CGC AAG mutation #2 CAG CCT TTA CCC AAG

Consider two unlinked loci, A, a and B, b. The frequencies of the nine genotypes in a population that are recognizable with respect to these loci are:

AA Aa aa

BB 0.20 0.40 0.04

Bb 0.05 0.07 0.20

bb 0.00 0.03 0.01

(a) Apply a procedure to determine whether this population is in equilibrium with respect to each single locus

(b) Apply a procedure to determine if it is in equilibrium with respect to the nine genotypic frequencies.

(a) In equilibrium? Frequency of - A allele = B allele =

(b) In equilibrium?

2. You have learned MANY different mechanisms that can lead to cancer development. One of these mechanisms involves changes in epigenetics during tumor initiation and progression.

A. HDAC proteins (a class of eraser proteins) are often overexpressed in cancer cells. Provide a 2-4 sentence explanation for how HDAC overexpression could promote tumor growth (include what the abbreviation HDAC stands for).

B. If HDAC overexpression favors tumor initiation, explain one potential problem of HDAC underexpression that could result in tumor growth.

C. A few anti-cancer drugs are currently on the market that inhibit HDACs. Given what you know about HDACs and cancer, provide a brief molecular explanation about how these drugs may work. Would you anticipate there to be any side effects? If so, provide an example with a brief explanation.

Wild-type                               201                          Tiny, squint, soft bristles 234        
Soft bristles                          162                           Tiny, squint                                         204
Tiny 24                           Tiny, soft bristles                               1041
Squint 1104                        Squint, soft bristles         30
A)
If the 3 genes are on the same chromosome, determine the map distance separating the 2 genes t and sb?

a) 1.4 centiMorgans.

b) 1.63 centiMorgans.

c) 14 centiMorgans.

d) 16.3 centiMorgans.

e) 30.3 centiMorgans.

B)
the 3 genes are on the same chromosome, determine the map distance between the 2 genes t and sq?

a) 1.4 centiMorgans.

b) 1.63 centiMorgans.

c) 14 centiMorgans.

d) 16.3 centiMorgans.

e) 30.3 centiMorgans.

C)
If the 3 genes are on the same chromosome, determine the order of the 3 genes using the data provided?
(Hint: Remember, it is not possible to ascertain which gene comes first or last on the chromosome using ONLY the data above. Hence, there may be more than one potentially correct answer below. If so, choose EACH possible correct answer.)

a) sb, sq, t.

b) sb, t, sq.

c) t, sq, sb.

d) sq, t, sb.

e) t, sb, sq

D)
What was the genotype of the two chromosomes containing the 3 genes in the female parents?

a) t, sb, sq+/t+, sb+, sq.

b) t, sb, sq/ t+, sb+, sq+.

c) t+, sb, sq/ t, sb+, sq+.

d) t+, sq+, sb/ t, sq+, sb+.

e) You cannot tell from the data provided.

Create a biological molecular or genetic network. using. It can be genes and proteins interacting with one another, including protein-protein, protein-DNA, genetic and enzymatic interactions. Please refrain from mapping physiological or ecological networks. Any interactions among biological entities within a cell will work. I do expect the nodes (genes/proteins/molecules) and the interactions between them to be based on real evidence, and that the values that you choose for them are reasonable. In fact, you'll have to share a reference to the sources that you used to put together your network, and some narrative to explain some of your decisions in compiling the network together.

21. The following survivorships were observed in a population of butterflies on the coast of Chile. Blue (B) is dominant to red (b). Give the relative fitness of the heterozygote genotype.

blue                 red

# individuals before selection                        87                    72

# individuals after selection                           66                    20

Choose any instinctive behavior you wish and describe that behavior using terms from classic ethology: fixed action pattern, sign stimuli and releasers, innate releasing mechanisms, and action specific energy