Please answer all

1. Resident biota are absent from the

- Pharynx

- Gastrointestinal system

- Central Nervous system

- Genitourinary system

- Skin

2. An example of an exogenous pyrogen is

- Interleukin-1

- Complement.

- Interferon.

- Endotoxin.

3. Two children attend the same preschool, but one child is at the facility on Mondays and Wednesday, while the other child attends the facility on Tuesdays and Thursdays. Both children become ill with Erythema infectiosum within a day of each other. What is this type of pathogenic transmission called?

- Fomite transmission

- Droplet transmission

- Vector transmission

- Direct contact transmission

- Vertical transmission

4. The index case is the first case found in an epidemiological investigation.

True

False

5. The ability of a microorganism to cause disease is called _____________.

6. A/an __________ is a passive animal transporter of pathogens.

7. Indirect contact transmission occurs when pathogens are spread from one host to another inanimate objects inadvertently used to transfer pathogens. These are called ____________.

8. Bacterial contaminants can grow in food in a closed container. Someone can develop food poisoning after eating food from the container that was opened and heated because bacteria were producing ___________

9. The degree of a microorganism's capability to cause disease is called ____________

10. The virulence factors produced by Staphylococcus aureus that enables it to invade the body is __________

11. What are the components of the body's first line of defense?

12. What are the components of the body's second line of defense?

I'm certain chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, part of the airway (the bronchioles) constricts. what affects will this have on the airflow _____

During protein synthesis, does translation stop when the signal peptide is synthesized or does translation stop when the SRP (signal receptor particles) bind to the signal peptides -- assuming it's being sent to the endomembrane system?

C. Duncan is a Caucasian male (age 14) that is brought to your attention because his family concerned about his inability to perform strenuous exercise. Duncan suffered severe muscle cramping during his P.E. classes but is normal if at doing routine physical activity or performing light to moderate exercise. A physical examination showed poorly developed muscle tissue, but his liver size was normal. A fasting glucose level check showed normal levels.

1. Duncan’s blood was also tested for alanine levels and showed a decrease in alanine after exercise, indicating that Duncan’s muscle cells were taking up alanine. In a normal individual, alanine levels would be expected to rise in the muscle during exercise.

Why would the alanine concentrations in the blood increase in a normal person?

How would you explain the alanine concentration results for Duncan’s test?

2. Explain why Duncan does not suffer from abnormal blood glucose levels.
   3. You suggest that perhaps Duncan should refrain from strenuous exercise. But if he cannot avoid it, what can you advise him to do during exercise to alleviate some of his suffering? Explain.

You decide that a genetic analysis is in order to discover the source of Duncan’s problems. Suggest at two gene sequences you would inspect, and what you would look for in these genes, to investigate the problem.

In doing Biochemical oxygen demand (B.O.D) what does sodium thiosulphate do and why is starch use as indicator?

You are given three therapeutic proteins; insulin, erythropoietin and G-CSF. In what production systems would you produce these proteins, and why? Which would form inclusion bodies and why?

Linda is a 22-year-old white female presenting signs of sever poison ivy dermatitis (red rash, itching, swelling, and blisters).  She stated that she was exposed to poison ivy last year but barely noticed any signs of it.  Explain why her first exposure was very mild, but her second exposure was severe in terms of her immune system.  If you performed an immune cell blood profile, which leukocyte would you expect to be elevated?

Evolution

Name of article: New Developmental Evidence Clarifies the Evolution of Wrist Bones in the Dinosaur–Bird Transition

- Summarize and explain what the article is about! (CAN SOMONE PLEASE HELP ON THIS!!!!)

- What are the authors views?

- What methods were used?

- Most interesting part of article?

- The article is provided below in the web link (copy and paste it will direct you to the article)

http://journals.plos.org/plosbiology/article?id=10.1371/journal.pbio.1001957

1. Describe in detail how a protein-encoding gene in a eukaryote is transcribed as mRNA, and what events happen to the mRNA before it can be translated into a protein.

2.Describe the principles behind and the applications of the following:

a) Northern blotting b) Site-directed mutagenesis c) DNase l footprinting d) Fusion protein vectors e) Sanger Sequencing of DNA

3.Describe six differences between DNA replication in bacteria compared with eukaryotes.

1. You identify a protein that may play a role in microtubule-based transport. Propose a series of experiments that would aid you in confirming your assessment that this protein has a role in microtubule-based transport.

Please also explain why.

1. Duncan is a Caucasian male (age 14) that is brought to your attention because his family concerned about his inability to perform strenuous exercise. Duncan suffered severe muscle cramping during his P.E. classes but is normal if at doing routine physical activity or performing light to moderate exercise. A physical examination showed poorly developed muscle tissue, but his liver size was normal. A fasting glucose level check showed normal levels.
2. 1. You suspect that Duncan is suffering from a glycogen metabolism related disease and check his response to glucagon. You inject him with a large dose of the hormone and measure the glucose levels in his blood. After the injection, Duncan’s blood glucose levels rose sharply.

Why did you perform this test?

Is Duncan’s glucagon response what you would expect in a normal person? Explain briefly

2. To further investigate you analyze biopsies of Duncan’s muscle and liver. Although the structure of the glycogen in both tissues appear to be normal, there is an elevation in the glycogen level in the muscle tissue, while that in the liver is within normal range.

What is a hypothesis regarding Duncan’s condition?

27. Be able to describe regulation of gene expression in prokaryotes (transcriptional, like the Lac Operon) and in eukaryotes (transcriptional and epigenetic regulation).

In detail Using the equation of aerobic respiration, give the steps that take place to produce energy.Make sure to explain where this reaction takes place.

Would kindly appreciate if answers are in text form not handwritten. Thank you.

QUESTION 21

1. Describe the function of FOS in normal cells and cancer cells.

   For a complete answer, you will need to include:

   A) its mechanism of action, including other proteins it works with and its downstream targets

   B) how its activity is regulated

   C) whether it acts as an oncogene or a tumor suppressor and why inactivation or activation of the gene leads to cancer

   QUESTION 22

2. Signal Transduction:

   A) Explain how growth factors, acting through the signal transduction pathway, regulate cell proliferation.  Names of specific proteins and their function must be given.

   B) Give 2 specific examples of how an alteration in the signal transduction pathway can lead to cancer

QUESTION 23

1. Cell Cycle Regulation:

   Describe the mechanism by which the cell cycle is regulated by mitogens. In your answer, be sure to include the following:

   a) The phases of the cell cycle and protein whose concentrations vary during the cell cycle

   b) The complexes formed by the proteins in (a) and the mechanisms by which they are regulated

   c) The substrate of the complexes in (b) and its role in cell cycle control

   d) Describe 2 ways in which the substrate in (c) can be inactivated to cause cancer

QUESTION 24

1. DNA Damage and the cell cycle:

   Describe the mechanism by which DNA damage such as a double-strand break leads to cell cycle arrest.

   Be sure to include:

   a) how the pathway is regulated

   b) why it is important to regulate the cell cycle during conditions of DNA damage