1-Describe the Secondary Anaerobic Digestor process in wastewater treatment plant.

2-Describe the Nitrification Tower process in wastewater treatment plant.

Explain the concept of immunological memory using examples.

Give one example of artificial or human influenced selection this is how we see our relation with our domesticated species. and briefly explain why is it so much easier to show the results of this kind of selection as opposed to selection in the wild with no human intervention

The average length of 1 cM in humans is 1,000,000 base pairs. However, in some regions of the human genome, 1 cM is closer to 100,000 base pairs. What types of sequences can you infer that are in these particular regions? What evidence supports your answer?

1. A hypothetical neuron has an internal concentration of 15mM Na+ and 140mM K+. The extracellular concentration of Na+ is 150mM, while K+ is 15mM.

a) Using the Nerst equation, calculate the equilibrium potentials for both Na+ and K+. Be sure to show your work.

b) The numbers you generated above do not directly reflect the natural resting membrane(Vm) of the neuron, but indicate the equlibrium potential (Ex) for each ion. The actual resting membrane potential of the neuron is around -65 to -70 mV. Describe the passive membrane properties that establish the resting membrane potential, and include your explanation a description as to why the resting membrane potential is not closer to k+ equilibrium( 90mV).

c) at death, neural membranes reach ionic equilibrium as active processes that maintain ionic gradients cease to funciton. describe the structure and function of the major membrane you generated in 1A, what would be the final new resting membrane potential of our hypothetical neuron after death? What would be the physiological consequences of this new membrane potential?

QUESTION 73

Gluconeogeneis is _________________.

QUESTION 72

Electrons extracted from fatty acids in the peroxisomes are transferred to __________________.

QUESTION 65

What type of enzyme is required to catabolize an unsaturated fatty acid but not a saturated fatty acid?

multi answer may apply

please answer all the question

74. Under actual cellular conditions, how many strongly exergonic reactions take place in glycolysis?

71. For every starting molecule of glucose, how many NTPs are made directly in the Citric Acid Cycle (not including any ATP made in the ETC)?

69. What percentage of carbon atoms in cholesterol are derived from acetyl-coA?

68. How many fatty acid chains are attached to a membrane phospholipid?

38. The hormone that stimulates the synthesis of glycogen and inhibits its breakdownis __________________.

please answer all the question

Long-term persistent use of addictive drugs can lead to changes in gene expression, which largely occur due to epigenetic changes. In 2-3 sentences, describe what tolerance is with respect to addictive behaviors. In your description, give an example of how genetic or biological changes can contribute to tolerance.

Compare and contrast the processes of gastrulation (early, mid, late stages) in Xenopus Laevis (frog) and Danio Rerio (zebrafish)? All 3 stages?

What is inverse PCR? Describe it?

NOVA BECOMING HUMAN

1) In trying to understand how rapid the climatic changes were for Homohabilis, how do scientists estimate the rates of change?

2) What was the African climate during the time when our ancestors’ brain size was “flat-lining” (from Sahelanthrous to Lucy).

3) When hominid brain size begins to increase (beginning with Homo habilis), what was happening to the African climate?

The coenzyme NADP+ is the terminal electron acceptor in chloroplasts, according the reaction

2 H2O + 2 NADP+ → 2 NADPH + 2 H+ + O2

NADP+ + H+ + 2 e- → NADPH E˚'= -0.315 V

O2 + 4 H+ + 4 e- → 2 H2O E˚'= 0.816 V

Given the information above, calculate the equilibrium constant for this reaction at 25˚C and pH 7.0.

How can the chloroplast overcome this unfavorable equilibrium?

In an experiment, E.coli cells have been genetically modified through site directed mutagenesis. This is a process through which specific locations in an organism’s genome can be altered in order to study the function of such locations, or proteins coded for by genes found in a location. There are many techniques available for site directed mutagenesis. (You have access to PCR ingredients, any primer you wish, laboratory equipment, Lambda phage, and the ability to alter Lambda genome, a commercially available plasmid, such as Puc19, E.coli K-12, plates, media, etc..)

4. Using the tools given above, come up with a way to achieve insertion of your DNA into the genome (step by step process, no short cuts. Remember I don’t know what your experiment is, you do.)(4 points)