1. You are studying 2 genes in Drosophila Melanogaster (fruit flies), Gene A and Gene B. Gene A and Gene B are located on different chromosomes and therefore will undergo independent assortment. Both genes have two different alleles, a dominant allele and a recessive allele. For example: for Gene A there is a dominant allele A and a recessive allele a. Gene A determines body color and gene B determines eye color. In terms of body color, some of your flies are purple and some of your flies are yellow. Purple is dominant to yellow. Gene B determines eye color, some of your flies have red eyes and some of your flies have brown eyes. Red is dominant to brown.

   You cross two individuals with the following genotypes: AABB X aabb. All of the offspring of this initial cross have the genotype AaBb. Next, you take two of the offspring from the initial cross and cross them. So, you just did the following cross AaBb X AaBb.

   What fraction of the offspring from the cross AaBb X AaBb will have yellow bodies?

   		3/16
   		9/16
   		1/4
   		3/4
   		none of the above

2. You are studying gene A and gene C in Drosophila Melanogaster (fruit flies). Gene A and Gene C are located on the same chromosome, which is an autosome, and crossing over never occurs between these two genes. Both genes have two different alleles, a dominant allele and a recessive allele. Again: for Gene A there is a dominant allele A and a recessive allele a. Gene A determines body color and gene C determines wing type. In terms of body color, some of your flies are purple and some of your flies are yellow. Purple is dominant to yellow. Gene C determines wing type, some of your flies have long wings and some of your flies have short wings. Long is dominant to short.

   You cross two individuals with the following genotypes: AAcc X aaCC. All of the offspring of this initial cross have the genotype AaCc. Next, you take two of the offspring from the initial cross and cross them. So, you just did the following cross AaCc X AaCc.

   In the last cross, AaCc X AaCc, what fraction of the offspring will have yellow bodies and long wings?

   		3/16
   		9/16
   		1/4
   		3/4
   		none of the above

3. You are studying a gene in humans that is located in the mitochondrial DNA.   A mutant form of this gene causes a disease we will call disease D. If a mother with disease D and a father who does not have disease D have 4 children, how many of their children would you predict have the disease?

   		0%
   		25%
   		50%
   		75%
   		100%

4. Researchers on Planet X have discovered a variety of seaweed. Some specimens glow in the dark, while others are completely colorless. Biochemists later find that two distinct gene products are needed to form the bioluminescent protein that makes some specimens glow. The glowing protein is formed according to the following scheme:

   Gene B codes for Enzyme B and their are two forms of this gene, a dominant allele B and a recessive allele b. The dominant allele codes for a functional Enzyme B, while the recessive allele codes for a nonfunctional Enzyme B.  Gene R codes for Enzyme R and their are two forms of this gene, a dominant allele R and a recessive allele r. The dominant allele codes for a functional Enzyme R, while the recessive allele codes for a nonfunctional Enzyme R. For both genes, having only one dominant allele is sufficient to produce functional enzyme.

   Given the information above, which of the following types of seaweed would glow? Make sure to read all of the choices.

   		BBrr
   		BBRR
   		BbRr
   		bbRR
   		bbRR and BBrr
   		BBRR and BbRr

5. You discover that gene P, gene I and gene R are on the same chromosome in Drosophila Melanogaster. When you do genetic crosses following the inheritance of gene P and gene R you get 1000 offspring and 300 of them are recombinants. When you do genetic crosses following the inheritance of gene P and I you get 1000 offspring and 100 of them are recombinants. When you do genetic crosses following the inheritance of gene R and I you get 1000 offspring and 200 of them are recombinants. Which two genes are the closest together?

   		P and R
   		R and I
   		P and I

Q # 5: Compare and contrast the metabolism of delta-9-THC based on oral ingestion vs. inhalation drug exposure.

Q # 6: Explain the difference between acute (short-term) and chronic (long-term) fat cell related pharmacokinetics?

If two parents are both phenotypically normal and DO NOT express the recessive genetic disorder of albinism (a lack of pigmentation) and they produce one offspring that is normal and one that has albinism, what does that tell you about the genotypes of the parents?

How can starting M phase with unreplicated DNA impact the resulting daughter cells?

14. What is the ecological importance of processes such as ammonification and nitrogen fixation? 15. When is denitrification useful for the environment, and when is it detrimental? 16. What is eutrophication and why does it happen? List some of its consequences.

The precise coordination of gene expression in humans is complex, and requires lots of events to ‘align’ to produce a protein from DNA sequence in the genome. Please answer all of the questions below, keeping answers brief and to the point (e.g., 3 lines or so per answer).

1. Describe what is required at the epigenetic level for gene expression, and give one example of a currently popular method we discussed to survey the epigenome (chromatin state) for evidence that a gene may be capable of being expressed.
2. To be expressed, most eukaryotic genes require not only RNA polymerase and other core transcription factors to bind to the promoter region, but also require the stabilization of activator proteins bound to enhancer sequences. Describe the 3D characteristics required for expression of a gene, and describe 2 methods we discussed that can provide information about these processes.
3. Even after transcription, in eukaryotes there are several steps required for an mRNA to be exported from the nucleus (so it can be translated into a protein). What are these steps? Describe a technique for using next-generation sequencing to estimate how many mature mRNA transcripts have been made (including how you have decided to make sure you will only sequence mature mRNA, and not other RNAs).  

The cytokinesis that occurs during the normal cell cycle of somatic cells in animals Group of answer choices

A. involves the formation of a contractile ring composed of actin and myosin.

B. involves the formation of a cell plate that divides the parental cell’s cytoplasm in two.

C. ends with the production of two haploid daughter cells.

A and C

B and C

Which of the following is NOT a normal event in prophase I of meiosis? Group of answer choices

1. synapsis of homologous chromosomes

2. meiotic recombination

3. formation of a synaptonemal complex

4. condensation of chromosomes

5. none of the above (i.e. all the above ARE features of prophase I of meiosis.)

How is electron energy changed into the energy found in ATP? This is a multi-step process and you should mention the general steps that occur within the electron transport chain (either respiration or photosynthesis) and how ATP is generated.

Greg chose a yellow pea seed, the color of which is conferred by the Y allele. Y is completely dominant over the green y allele. He grew the yellow pea into a plant. In order to determine more about that plant's genotype, he performed a testcross of this plant with a green pea plant. He observed 92 green peas and 85 yellow peas among the testcross offspring. The conclusion he should make is:

-the genotype of the yellow pea plant was Yy

- the genotype of the green testcross parent was YY

- the genotype of the green testcross parent was Yy

- the genotype of the yellow pea plant was YY

1. Assume alleles of the height gene of corn plants determine the height of the plant's stalks, and that there are two alleles of the gene: "H1" and "H2." Individuals that are homozygous for the "H1" allele are 10 feet in height, individuals that are homozygous for the "H2" allele are 6 feet in height, and heterozygotes for these two alleles are 6 feet in height. From this data, it can be concluded that, with respect to the "H1" allele, the "H2" allele shows ______________________ for height.

A. co-dominance

B. recessivity

C. variable expressivity

D. incomplete dominance

E. dominance

Researchers determined the genotypes of a number of individuals from each of the same five sites on the island of Guinea. They examines a common locus known to have only two alleles (X741 and C443). Their data are summarized below:

a) What are the frequencies of the X741 and C433 alleles among the population on the island?

b) Give the number of each genotype expected if the population is in Hardy Weinberg equilibrium.

c) Use chi square test to determine whether this population is in equilibrium. Be sure to show the chi-square statistic, the number of degrees of freedom, the critical value, and your conclusion.

Mutations in certain genes can interfere with DNA replication and DNA repair and lead to tumor formation (cancer). In 1-2 complete sentences, describe which cell cycle checkpoints are most likely disrupted by these genes and explain why this would lead to cancerous cells?

Draw a diagram of carbon cycle, indicating the main pathways, types of microbes performing these pathways, and forms of carbon. Be prepared to summarize (briefly explain) each and every one of the steps in the cycle.

Draw a diagram of nitrogen cycle, indicating the main pathways, types of microbes performing these pathways, and forms of nitrogen. Be prepared to summarize (briefly explain) each and every one of the steps in the cycle.