8-The _________ form the surface of an atom and participate in forming covalent bonds.

a. neutrons and electrons

b. protons

c. neutrons

d. protons and neutrons

e. electrons

10-Failure of cell cycle check points can cause ________.

a. Increased chance of cancer

b. Increased mutation rates

c. Benign tumors

d. All of these

e. Unregulated cell division

11-Which is the lowest level of biological organization that shows the emergent property we consider “life”?

a. Population

b. Cell

c. Community

d. Molecule

e. Organism

14-Why are sweating and other body-cooling mechanisms necessary during vigorous exercise?

a. A byproduct of respiration is heat

b. About twice as much energy is released as heat than is made into ATP units

c. The human body overheats at about 100 degrees Farenheight.

d. So much heat is released by cellular respiration during exercise that the body is in danger of overheating.

e. Muscle movement causes friction

17-A measurement included in the outcome of an experiment is called an ________.

a. independent variable

b. Control

c. dependent Variable

d. Hypothesis

e. Experiment

21Dissolving NaOH in neutral water causes a dramatic change in pH because of __________.

a. the increase in OH- concentration

b. the decrease in OH- concentration

c. the increase in H+ concentration

d. the increase in Na+ concentration

23-What type of junction is associated with attaching adjacent cells to form tissues?

a. Gap junction

b. Petticoat junction

c. Anchoring junction

d. Tight junction

24-The genetic material is made of ___________.

a. carbohydrate

b. protein

c. lipid

d. nucleic acid

a.)How many different types of gametes are possible from the genotype AABbDdEe? What is the probability of producing each gamete type?

b.)A woman with type O blood has children with a man with type AB blood. What blood types cannot be present in their children?

c.) A woman with type A blood has children with a man with type B blood. What blood types (if any) cannot be present in their children? (You must explore all possibilities to answer this question).

QUESTION 1

What letter corresponds to the phase in which voltage-gated Na+ channels are open?

action potential.pdf

A.

B.

C.

D.

E.

QUESTION 2

Which of the following statements is true about the mRNA whose structure is depicted in the diagram shown below? mRNA schematic.pdf

A.This could be a primary transcript from a prokaryote.

B. This could be a primary transcript from a eukaryote but not a prokaryote.

C. This could be a mature mRNA from a eukaryote but not a prokaryote.

D. This could be a mature mRNA from either a prokaryote or a eukaryote

E. This could be a primary transcript from either a prokaryote or a eukaryote.

QUESTION 3

Which of the following events are shared between mitosis and meiosis?

A. Homologous chromosomes align

B. Random assortment of homologous chromosomes occur in metaphase of mitosis and metaphase of meiosis II

C. Sister chromatids separate in anaphase of mitosis and anaphase of meiosis II

D. Both mitosis and meiosis have one round of replication and two rounds of cytokinesis

QUESTION 4

Choose the best answer below that describes components of transcription as they are found in prokayotes and eukaryotes.

A. Sigma factor is in both, promoters are in both, and promoters are made of DNA.

B. Sigma factor is only in prokaryotes, promoters are only in prokaryotes, and promoters are made of DNA.

C. Sigma factor is only in prokaryotes, promoters are in both, and promoters are made of DNA.

D. Sigma factor is only in prokaryotes, promoters are in both, and promoters are made of protein.

E. Sigma factor is in both, promoters are in both, and promoters are made of protein.

QUESTION 5

Which of the following always occurs when a ligand binds to its receptor?

A. A signal is transduced.

B. A conformational change occurs in the receptor

C. Second messengers are activated

D. A and C

Structures in organisms (when no longer adequate for their original purpose) often become secondarily adapted for a different use. In the course of their evolutionary history, vertebrates have utilized three different "urinary" systems. Today, however, we only use one. What has happened to the other two? Why were they no longer adequate for mammalian needs? What do you think would happen to such vestigial structures if a secondary "use" did not arise? Why?

How is  Diarthrognathus related to Triconodonts, Docodonts, Multituberculates, Symmetrodonts, Pantotheres, Monotremes, Marsupials, and Placentals?

explain why bacterial mismatch repair is only effective on mutations that occur during the replication process.

6. Antigenic shift can occur in a variety of microbes.

Using layman’s terms, explain antigenic shift.

What is an antigen and how does it get “shifted?”

Why does an antigenic shift sometimes lead to a pandemic in humans, whereas sometimes it leads to a virus that generally does not infect humans?

QUESTION 15

1. Which of the following is NOT TRUE about the Rb pathway:

   		Rb is a tumor suppressor originally identified in retinoblastomas
   		Alfred Knudson noted that retinoblastomas can occur in either an inherited or a sporadic fashion in the 1960s
   		RB was cloned in the 1980s, after p53 was identified
   		Only young children develop retinoblastomas
   		RB is phosphorylated by CDKs, preventing binding to E2F

2 points   

QUESTION 16

1. Which of the following is NOT TRUE about p53:

   		in tumors lacking RB, p53 expression is high
   		it was originally thought to be an oncogene
   		it was first identified as binding to the human papilloma virus E7 protein
   		it is the most commonly mutated gene in human cancer
   		it is considered to be guardian of the genome

2 points   

QUESTION 17

1. Which ONE of the following is TRUE about “knock-out” & “knock-down” technologies

   		A knock-out of a tumor suppressor gene can cause cancer, while a knock-down cannot
   		A knock-out is a physical modification to the genome, while a knock-down affects only gene expression
   		There is no difference, they are just two different ways to describe genetic manipulation of the genome
   		A knock-out of an oncogene can cause cancer, while a knock-down cannot
   		A knock-out can be reversed and controlled, while a knock-down is a permanent modification

2 points   

QUESTION 18

1. Which ONE of the following is NOT TRUE about BCR-ABL:

   		the fusion protein is oncogenic because BCR retains ABL in the cytoplasm where it phosphorylates new substrates
   		the translocation is caused by bimolane, a topoisomerase inhibitor, used as a medical treatment in China
   		ABL is a tyrosine kinase in the Src family
   		the translocated chromosome is referred to as the Philadelphia chromosome
   		it is a fusion protein created by a reciprocal translocation found in chronic myelogenous leukemia

2 points   

QUESTION 19

1. Which ONE of the following is NOT TRUE about PML-RAR:

   		the translocation is caused by ionizing irradiation and found in Hiroshima and Nagasaki victims
   		it is a fusion protein created by a reciprocal translocation found in acute promyelocytic leukemia
   		the fusion protein retains the ability of the retinoic acid receptor (RAR) to bind retinoic acid and DNA
   		PML contains zinc fingers and a coiled-coil domain, which are important for maintaining the structure of nuclear bodies

2 points   

QUESTION 20

1. The CRISPR-Cas9 is a genome editing system. It was first discovered as…

   		The defense mechanism in bacteria against bacteriophages
   		The defense mechanism in bacteria against humans
   		The defense mechanism in zebrafish against bacteria
   		The defense mechanism in bacteria against macrophages
   		The defense mechanism in zebrafish against sharks

What are the main ways of delivering pharmaceutical agents into the body? Describe one of these routes in more detail.

explain what properties must a chemical have to have a therapeutic effect in humans

distinguish between exponential and logistic growth

Explain in detail the two most unique things about fungi compared to other groups of organisms.

Multiple Choice Please answer all 3 no need to go in Depth

Instead of developing a head and a tail, an abnormal Drosophila embryo develops two tails. This is most likely due to _____.

Specific cells that appear undifferentiated under the microscope but are already fated to become muscle cells are called _____.

All your cells contain proto-oncogenes, which can change into cancer-causing genes. Why do cells possess such potential time bombs?

We talked about the genes controlling our ability to digest lactose, the sugar found in milk. Collectively the enzymes produced by the set of genes involved are called lactase. "Lactose intolerance" describes the most common condition in human adults, which is an inability to digest lactose because lactase is not produced. These people could all produce lactase as infants, however, so they have the genes needed to produce functional enzymes. Somehow the regulation of expression of the genes changes as most people grow up.

People who can digest lactose as adults are said to be "lactase persistent", that is, they continue to produce lactase even in adulthood. Ponder the genetic mechanisms for regulating the expression of the genes producing lactase and describe three feasible hypotheses for mutations affecting the regulating mechanisms that would enable a person to produce lactase as an adult.

a) Describe, in detail, how a genetic cross can be used to identify the number of genes involved in major changes in body form between two different organisms.

b) If you found a group of similar species living on nearby islands, describe in detail a method you could use to determine their exact evolutionary relationship to each other.

c) Describe, in detail, how a mutation in the intracellular domain of MC1R could change the coat color in rock pocket from light to dark.

d) Besides looking for microfossils, describe another test you could perform on rocks from 3-4 billion years ago to find evidence that life existed at that time?