1. Provide a chemical reason for why Na+ ions are associated with ds-DNA relative to single strands.

2. The addition of Na+ ions stabilized ds-DNA. Can you suggest other types of chemical species that might also stabilize ds-DNA? What types of chemical species would destabilize ds-DNA?

Trace the fate of the isotopic label from [2-13C]-alanine to glucose

what are two ways that humans have altered the environment of fishes? pls give two examples of how these have negatively affected them. pls help

Amyloid precursor protein (APP) is an integral membrane protein with important functions at synapses between nerve cells. It is cleaved within the membrane to release an extracellular peptide fragment called Ab. When Ab peptides accumulate, they can aggregate to form amyloid fibrils associated with Alzheimer’s disease

The cleavage of APP to Ab is catalyzed by Presenilin-1. Presenilin-1 is inhibited by transition state analogues specific for aspartyl proteases.

A. In one sentence, describe why transition state analogues are excellent competitive inhibitors of enzymatic activity.

B. Presenilin-1 has two important catalytic residues, Asp257 and Asp385, which cleave APP to Ab within the hydrophobic membrane. Describe TWO reasons why these catalytic aspartates have elevated pKa values.

C. During catalysis, there is a buildup of negative charge on the oxygen atom of the scissile amide bond. To stabilize the transition state, Asp385 donates a proton to the oxyanion that forms. To what amino acid would you mutate Asp385 to prevent proton transfer whilst having minimal impact on the rest of the protein? Will this amino acid still be able to stabilize the transition state via hydrogen bonding?

D. Aspartyl proteases directly activate water for hydrolysis without forming a covalent enzyme-substrate intermediate. Draw a mechanism for peptide hydrolysis. Clearly show Asp385 stabilizing the oxyanion transition state. Clearly show what role Asp257 may have.

1. Generally speaking, overall do you think Americans are healthy? Why or Why not? Please describe some areas where we are healthy and some areas we are not healthy.   

2. Where do you think America's health care system rank? I am not looking for a specific number, but compared to the rest of the world, do we offer better health care, worse, about the same? Why-what makes it better, worse or the same?

3.   What do you think are the 3 biggest health concerns facing Americans? Why do you think these are the biggest concerns?

it is a tall plant with clear xylem and phloem, the gametophyte is dependent on the sporophyte and there are seeds. It could be either _______________.

1. Distinguish between “genome-wide” selective sweeps, versus “gene-specific” selective sweeps. Which of these would you expect to find in bacterial populations? Why? How could you distinguish between them? Discuss several reasons (as many as possible) why bacteria have evolved a somewhat higher error rate (in DNA replication) than multicellular animals.

Why are ribosomal proteins (and/or ribosomal RNAs) used for constructing a “universal tree of life”? Why are such trees usually presented in an “unrooted” form?

Describe the structure and function of wing coupling mechanisms in insects.

Which of the following is considered the LEAST important factor in controlling zonation in the rocky intertidal?

space competition

predation

salinity

desiccation tolerance

You’re working as a travel agent and you’re planning on advertising trips based on the terrestrial biome associated with specific destination cities or countries. Prepare a minimum of 150 word ad for a destination city or country(Kathmandu, Nepal) wherein you describe what tourists can expect when they arrive in terms of climate and wildlife. Aim your ad at those tourists more interested in the biology/ecology of the area as opposed to city sites or attractions.

GENETICS:

Given: AaBb

Question: Make AaBb go through mitosis and meiosis. Draw them stating AaBb Mitosis, and AaBb Meiosis.

Will give a thumbs up if given the correct information. Thank you for your help.

Describe six different molecules that compose the extracellular matrix.

ATCase perfrorms the first step in CTP synthesis using aspartate as a substrate. It is a wonderful example of allosterism:

a) Describe the quartenary structure of ATCase. To get you started remember that the enzyme consists of two different subunits, of which there are 6 of each for a total of 12 subunits.

b) What are the functions of the two different subunits?

c) what are the allosteric effectors and what is their role in the KM of ATCase?

describing the techniques introduced in the Immunology lab and how it relates to COVID 19 testing and research.

all the laboratory techniques and compare and contrast on what can be learned from each of the assays and discuss why multiple assays may be advisable. Refer to literature to support your conclusions and cite at least 3 peer reviewed sources.

Methods Review

Clear and concise description of assays performed in Immunology lab as it relates to COVID 19 testing and research

Review is not intended to be a step by step protocol in how to perform the assay but a top level description of how the assay is performed and what can be learned from each of the techniques

Completeness

Discussion of all Immunology assays as related to COVID 19

Top level description of how the assay is performed and most importantly, detail what can be lfrom each of the techniques performed in Immunology as it relates to COVID 19.

Analysis

Analysis of techniques for differences and commonalities

Compare and contrast between each of the techniques performed in Immunology lab and describe what can be learned from each of the assays.

Address limitations of each of the techniques performed in Immunology lab

Discuss any optimum combination of techniques performed in Immunology 453 lab for Covid testing and research and why multiple assays may be advisable. Explain why necessary

Serial Dilution as it relates to any of the assays performed (ie standard curve construction)

Lymphocyte discussion (ie as it relates to COVID 19 infection)

Bradford (ie as it relates to Western Analysis)

Microarray

Elisa

Western Blotting

Affinity Column

QPCR

Enzyme Activity Assay- Lysozyme is just an example of this (may apply best with future research exploration)

Conclusion and Synthesis

Information synthesized and brought to a logical conclusion

Brings all of the other sections together.

Offers new ideas to explore or directions for future research.

What were the first hominin fossils found? Why were these not enough to prove that humans evolved from primate ancestry? What sort of evidence would be needed to support that claim? (200-250 wds)