Define the following: protozoan, trophozoite, cyst.

Mutations can be classified based on either the effect of the mutation on the function of the gene product or the location of the mutation within the chromosomes. Explain the difference.

Use the Internet to find an environmentally related problem that is happening in your area. Present information about the history behind this problem including the population growth model in the area, what factors led to its occurring and who might be responsible for it. Share what is being done to solve the problem and how effective those efforts are. Present ideas from the textbook about how the problem might be mitigated. Extrapolate your local issue to the global environment. What classes of environmental problems seem to be widespread and recurring across our country and the world. How is population growth related to the problem ?

Describe the role that Phosphoinositides (PIs) (e.g. PIP₂, PIP₃, etc) play in both membrane trafficking and cell signaling. Give a specific example of how they play a role for each.

Ras is a GTP-binding protein that is often mutated in cancer cells. Normal cells are stimulated to divide by receiving a signal from a growth factor through a receptor tyrosine kinase. When the receptor tyrosine kinase binds the growth factor, Ras is stimulated to bind GTP. Ras in turn activates proteins that promote cell proliferation. A common mutation in cancerous cells causes Ras to behave as though it were bound to GTP all the time. Suppose that there is a drug that can turn off the activity of the receptor tyrosine kinase by preventing its ability to dimerize. Do you think that this drug will inhibit the division of cells that have a mutated Ras protein that acts as though it were always bound to GTP? (2 points) Explain your answer (2 points)

1) You have 100 ml of a solution of ATP. You take 25 ?l, and dilute it to a final volume of 1ml. The absorbance of the diluted solution at 259 nm is 0.550.

a) What is the ATP concentration in the original, undiluted solution?

**The molar extinction coefficient for ATP at 259 nm is 15,600 l mol-1cm-1.

b. How many mg of ATP are there in total in the original, undiluted solution?

**The formula weight of ATP is 551.14 g/mole.

2) Fill in the blanks, with one of these 5 amino acids

Lysine/Cysteine/ Valine/ Tryptophan/Aspartate

a) If you dissolve (blank) in water, the resulting pH would be about 8.5

b) if you dissolve (blank) in water, the resulting pH would be about 4

c) (blank) residues would most likely be buried in the core of a folded protein structure

d) Collagen does not absorb strongly at 280 nm. This is because its sequence does not contain many (blank) residues.

e) (blank) can form disulfide bridges in proteins

3) You mix 100 ml of 0.1 M acetic acid with 100 ml of 0.1 M sodium acetate. The pKa of acetic acid is 4.76.

a) What is the pH of this mixture?

b) You then add 10 ml of 25 mM HCl. What will the new pH be?

c) What would the resulting pH be if you just added 10 ml of 25mM HCl to 200 ml of distilled water?

Describe the cellular and humoral responses to viral (COVID-19) infection. Be sure to address the role of CD4 and CD8 cells, and the role of B cells and antibodies. What antibodies are produced in response to COVID-19 and when (approximately)?

7. In humans, ABO blood type is controlled by a single gene with 2 codominant alleles (I^A and I^B) and one recessive allele (i).  The population of humans in the city of Xanadu is 7568.  1874 of these people have blood type O and 1243 of these people have homozygous blood type A.  You will need to use a three-variable Hardy-Weinberg equation for this question: p² + 2pq + q² + 2qr + r² + 2pr = 1.  Note that p + q + r = 1.

a. (2 points) What are the frequencies of the I^A, I^B, and i alleles assuming this population is randomly mating and there are no significant evolutionary forces acting on the population?

b. (2 points) Estimate how many individuals in the population have each of the following genotypes: I^Ai, I^AI^B, I^BI^B, and I^Bi.

c. (2 points) Estimate how many individuals in the population have type A, type B, type AB, and type O blood.

d. (2 points) A disease suddenly emerges that kills 60% of people with type A blood (leaving 40% alive), kills 40% of people with type AB blood, kills 10% of all people with type B blood, and kills 5% of all people with type O blood. What is the frequency of each blood type in the population now?     

e. (2 points) An effective vaccine is developed so the disease only affects a single generation. Using the values for the number of survivors with type O and homozygous type A blood, determine what the allele frequencies of the I^A, I^B and i alleles will be when the population of Xanadu has again reached Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium.

I need just the answer to part e

Please don't forget to answer part E, I posted this question three times. thank you

If you have to answear just 4 parts just answear 4 parts but include part E

9. Discuss the arguments for and against the classification of viruses as living organisms.

10. You are growing Bacillus subtilis in nine 16,000-liter fermenters to produce enzyme for industrial use. The Bacillus cultures had been growing for 2 days when the cells in one of the fermenters lysed. Explain what happened in this fermenter.

11. You are chosen to be part of an international team gathering to choose the next infectious disease to be eliminated from the planet. Funding is limited. What are some factors you and your team should consider in deciding what disease to tackle?

       Based on what you have learned about antigen presentation, T cells, and viral infections, describe the process of antigen presentation of COVID-19 to CD8+T cells. Include how the virus enters the cells, is processed in the cells, and activates CD8 T cells.