Describe the reaction of gluconeogenesis and for each step explain the type of reaction, enzyme involved, substrate and product, if the reaction is reversible or irreversible, any coenzyme or prosthetic group involved, and location.

Which statement among A-E is false concerning digestive system and gastrointestinal (GI) tract infections?

Describe the reaction of the citric acid cycle and for each step explain the type of reaction, enzyme involved, substrate and product, if the reaction is reversible or irreversible, any coenzyme or prosthetic group involved, and location.

In animal tissue, the rate of conversion of pyruvate of acetyl-CoA is regulated by the ratio of active, phosphorylated pyruvate dehydrogenase to inactive, unphosphorylated pyruvate dehydrogenase (PDG) complex. Explain the impact of the following regulators on the activity of pyruvate dehydrogenase complex in animal tissue extracts when treated with:

- high concentrations of acetyl-CoA

Explain how a white blood cell (leukocyte) uses protein-sugar interactions within a blood vessel to find the site of inflammation. Specify which proteins are involved in binding to which types of sugars during this process, and on which surface each of these ligands & receptors would be found

Describe the similarities and differences in chemiosmosis between oxidative phosphorylation in mitochondria and photophosphorylation in chloroplasts.

Part A: Punnett Squares

I. Monohybrid Crosses

1. In pea plants yellow peas (A) are dominant to green peas (a). Show a cross between two heterozygous yellow pea plants (Aa x Aa).

What is the genotypic ratio of the offspring? _______ AA : _______ Aa: _________ aa

What is the phenotypic ratio of the offspring? _______ Yellow: ________ Green

Part B: Using the Chi-square (χ2) analysis

9. In Parent 1 (P1) corn plants, the color purple is dominant to yellow, and round shape is dominant to wrinkled, which is why both Filial (F1) generation corn plants have the purple and round phenotypes, even when one of the parents (P1) is yellow and wrinkled.

The cross below (F1 x F1) produced the F2 generation corn that you are seeing in Figure 1. Determine the phenotypic ratios of the offspring of this cross: A cross between two F1 generation (heterozygous purple and heterozygous round) corn plants.

Phenotypic Ratio: _____: _____:_____:_____ (This is your hypothesis: The corn in Figure 1 has this ratio.)

Explain the relationship between the measurement of 2-deoxyadenosine and how this is being used to determine the amount of DNA in the experiment that uses diphenylamine reaction

Cystic fibrosis (CF) is caused by a genetic mutation resulting in defective proteins in secretory cells, mainly in the epithelial lining of the respiratory tract. The one in every 2,000 Caucasian babies who has the disease is homozygous for the recessive mutant. Although medical treatment is becoming more effective, in the past, most children with CF died before their teens. About 20 Caucasian in 2,000 are carriers of the trait, having one mutant and one normal allele, but they do not develop the disease. According to rules of population genetics, the frequency of the homozygous recessive genotype should be rarer than it is. What is one possible explanation for the unusually high frequency of this allele in Caucasian population?

Complete the following sentence: "A competitive inhibitor competes with substrate binding to the _________ site, generally by also binding to this site; its effect on reaction rate becomes neglectable when the concentration of _________ is sufficiently high compared to the concentration of __________."

Select one:
a. active, inhibitor, substrate
b. active, substrate, product
c. active, substrate, inhibitor
d. allosteric, inhibitor, substrate
e. allosteric, substrate, inhibitor
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Complete the following sentence: "Cyclin levels _________ during cell cycle whereas cyclin-dependent kinase (CDK) levels _________. Progression through cell cycle results from the formation of _________ complexes, within which _________ is activated through phosphorylation."

1) A total of 6147 North American Caucasians were blood typed for the MN locus, which is determined by two codominant alleles, L^M and L^N. The following data were obtained:

Blood type                     Number

       M                               1654

     MN                              3215

       N                               1278

Carry out a chi-square test to determine whether this population is in Hardy–Weinberg equilibrium at the MN locus.

2) Tay–Sachs disease is an autosomal recessive disorder. Among Ashkenazi Jews, the frequency of Tay–Sachs disease is 1 in 2400. If the Ashkenazi population is mating randomly for the Tay–Sachs gene, what proportion of the population consists of heterozygous carriers of the Tay–Sachs allele?

3) Color blindness in humans is an X-linked recessive trait. In most populations, we saw that approximately 10% of the men are colorblind, however in a unique region on a remote island the presence of color blind men is closer to 15% (6 points)

a. If mating is random for the color-blind locus, what is the frequency of the color-blind allele in this unique population?

b. What proportion of the women in this population is expected to be colorblind?

c. What proportion of the women in the population are expected to be heterozygous carriers of the color-blindness allele?

Describe how catalysts work and give an example of one. What is the Kd for a catalyst and how would you interpret a low Kd. How do non-specific DNA binding proteins work? How do specific DNA binding proteins work?

Design an experiment to determine the changes in the transcriptome (global gene expression) of human cells in response to infection with the influenza virus. The experiment must be explained in detailed and have an appropriate control.

If a chemical was to block the transport of electrons from ferredoxin to NADP+ reductase how would that affect the process of photosynthesis (i.e. what would still be produced, what wouldn’t be produced, would the plant live, etc)?