In Community X (population 20,000), an epidemiologist conducted a prevalence survey in January of 2012 and reported an HIV prevalence of 2.2%. Over the next 12 months, the department of health reported an additional 50 new HIV cases between February 2012 and January 2013. The total population stayed constant at 20,000. Part 1 How many people had HIV in January 2012? Present or describe the formula you used to arrive at your answer. Calculate the incidence rate assuming no HIV-related deaths over the 12-month period. Present or describe the formula you used to arrive at your answer. Be sure to clearly indicate the numerator and denominator used in your calculation and include an appropriate label for the rate. In a summary of 200-250 words, interpret the results and discuss the relationship between incidence and prevalence. Discuss whether or not the epidemiologist should be concerned about these new HIV infections, assuming a previous incidence rate of 0.5 per 1,000 person-years prior to this updated risk assessment. Part 2 A rapid test used for diagnosing HIV has a sensitivity of 99.1% and a specificity of 90%. Based on the population prevalence of 2.2% in 2012, create a 2x2 table showing the number of true positives, false positives, false negatives, and true negatives. Calculate the positive predicative value and negative predictive value for this test

what type of anti-viral vaccine would be most suitable against COVID-19, and why? What is the role of the tuberculosis BCG vaccine in the protection against viral infections including COVID-19?

What the method and results of blood grouping and blood typing experiment.

Sry guy, can't find a subject for this - so I put under Biology

Pls do not handwrite the answer, this is for easy reading

Qns:

What does medicine contribute to technology/sciences? (E.g biomimicry in structures, A.I learning patterns)

1.1 Explain the principles of serological reactions in gels. (for 5 marks)
1.2 Discuss the processing and presentation of antigens by phagocytes. (for 10 marks)

According to A Short History of Humans and Germs, most major human diseases developed and spread when humans began living in large cities with populations of up to 500,000.

T OR F

Discuss fire as a mechanism of secondary succession and how a natural fire can enhance species diversity of a forest. Use the Intermediate Disturbance Hypothesis.

CF carrier frequency estimations in American Hispanic populations • Carrier screening kits for Cystic Fibrosis alleles have been updated to include more probes (CFTR 60 kit 2) • It is reported to have a detection rate of 83.7% in Hispanic American populations.

The same group have a CF incidence of 1 in 9,500. Given the above, determine:

1) CF carrier frequency in the Hispanic American population.

2) Estimate the probability of being a carrier if a CFTR 60 kit result is negative for a member of this population.

3) Estimate probability of a child with CF being born if one parent is a known CF carrier and the other is Hispanic and found to be negative when tested with the CFTR 60 kit.

Explain why many extreme halophiles use KCL (instead of NaCl) as their compatible solute. [SHORT ANSWER]

What are nucleotides? How do nucleotides contribute to genes and chromosomes?

Why is the trinucleotide sequence, CAG, important in Huntington Disease?

When we study the effects of chronic stress on human health, most of our chronic stress is imaginary, meaning, it's made up by our imagination and conscious thought, created by the Frontal lobe. Discuss, why frogs and lizards cannot experience chronic stress like that? In 100 words or more.

With reference to the structure of hemoglobin and your knowledge of complex
formation reactions, discuss the stability of oxygenated hemoglobin versus
deoxygenated hemoglobin. Be sure to fully outline your reasoning.