gene editing

a. How does the enzyme used in CRISPR-Cas9 differ from enzymes used in recombinant DNA technology?

b.Can you predict a potential risk of somatic cell gene editing?

Consider the following statement: “All present-day cells have arisen by an uninterrupted series of cell divisions extending back in time to the first cell division.” Is this strictly true? Why or Why not?

1. Describe the fluid mosaic model of the plasma membrane. Discuss the role of the membrane in the movement of materials through it by each of the following processes.
   1. Active transport
   2. Passive transport

2. Describe negative and positive feedback loops, and discuss how feedback mechanisms regulate each of the following.
   1. The menstrual cycle in a nonpregnant human female.
   2. Blood glucose levels in humans.

3. Discuss the adaptations that have enabled flowering plants to overcome the following problems associated with life on land.
   1. The absence of an aquatic environment for reproduction
   2. The absence of an aquatic environment to support the plant body
   3. Dehydration of the plant

1. Explain why a life cycle that includes meiosis must also include fertilization. What is the advantage of such a life cycle?

2. Why are prokaryotes especially useful in bioremediation?

3. Describe some examples of how prokaryotes are helpful to humans and some examples of how they are harmful to humans?

4. Explain why a female can be heterozygous for an X-linked gene, but a male cannot.

5. What is a practical or clinical use of knowing the base sequence of a gene?

6. The human genome project has discovered that humans have about 30,000 genes, many fewer than earlier estimates of 100,000 genes. What implication does this have about the way human genes function?

7. Are viruses alive and deserving of the status of organisms or are they just biologically active chemicals? Defend a position on this based on what you know about what viruses are and how they work.

8. Plants in the tropical rain forest often grow faster than those in temperate forests. Explain how what you know about how the factors that affect transpiration would attribute to this.

9. Commercials on TV use food and sex as their most attractive selling points. Explain how flowers use the same tow attractants to “sell” their pollen to animals.

10. Virtually, all plants compete directly with all the plants around them. Why is this so?

11. Assume that protein synthesis always reads along a chromosome three bases at a time to code for each successive amino acid in a protein. There are two kinds of point mutations, a base substitution and a base deletion. How are these two types of mutations likely to affect the protein coded by a mutated gene?

12. Why do most human societies have laws or customs against marrying close relatives?

13. The majority of all plants are seed plants. What is the advantage of a seed? How do plants that lack seeds meet the needs served by seeds?

14. Describe the similarities and difference between the biochemical pathways of aerobic respiration and photosynthesis in eukaryotic cells. Include in your discussion the major reaction, the end products, and energy transfers.

15. Explain how a trait can skip generations.

16. Describe the fluid mosaic model of the plasma membrane. Discuss the role of the membrane in the movement of materials through it by each of the following processes.
    1. Active transport
    2. Passive transport

17. Describe negative and positive feedback loops, and discuss how feedback mechanisms regulate each of the following.
    1. The menstrual cycle in a nonpregnant human female.
    2. Blood glucose levels in humans.

18. Discuss the adaptations that have enabled flowering plants to overcome the following problems associated with life on land.
    1. The absence of an aquatic environment for reproduction
    2. The absence of an aquatic environment to support the plant body
    3. Dehydration of the plant

Looking at your results of the Ames test, you find that there are many colonies growing on the agar in the presence of the chemical being tested. What is your interpretation of this result? Explain.

what was the purpose of transforming cells from URA3- minus to URA3+ plus?

31)

Which of the following would not be a consequence of an antibody:antigen interaction?

32)

Which statement among A-D is false regarding bacterial toxins?

29)

Regarding the neurotoxigenic disease caused by Clostridium tetani, which of the following among A-D is not correct?

30)

Which term among 1-5 is correctly matched with its proper function?

1-Defensin

2-Interferon

3-Perforin

4-PAMPS (MAMPS)

5-Pyrogen

Why would plants need to evolve vascular tissue, lignin, and the different reproductive mechanisms (cone versus flower).

Natural killer cells target:

These Gram-positive pleomorphic bacteria are toxin producers that cause formation of a pseudomembrane in the throat that can restrict airflow. This pathogen is

A.

Bordetella pertussis

B.

Streptococcus pyogenes

C.

Corynebacterium diphtheriae

D.

Neisseria meningitidis

E.

Streptococcus pneumoniae

Use the following scenario to answer question.

Island chains are known to occur along the borders of the earth’s large land plates. For example, both the Hawaiian and Galapagos Islands were born from the intense volcanic activity generated along the Pacific Ocean’s “Ring of Fire”. Hence, the number and placement of the islands can tell us approximately how many of the underwater volcanoes made islands and in what direction the plates are moving. Once formed, an island, then undergoes colonization by living organisms. We often describe a successful colonization event as one where the species lands, breeds and its offspring remain on the island to repeat its life cycle. In the case of Krakatau, which is a volcanic island in Indonesia, we have many recordings of its recolonization by life forms after the 1883 eruption which wiped the island clean of all preceding life forms. One of the first groups of organisms to colonize was that of spiders and insects.

11.What type of selection pressure would enhance the survival of the spiders and insects once they landed on the new Krakatau Island? Why? (i.e. divergent, convergent)

12.What kind of selection pressure would prevent the successful colonization by insects and spiders? Why?

2. List the different types of electron carriers within the electron transport system. For every pair of electrons each complex transfers, determine how many protons are translocated.

Biofilm formation by staphylococcus epidermidis