1. In the MIC assay, why did it matter what the E. coli density is? (Why was a diluted culture used to inoculate the broths?)
2. The MIC assay measures inhibition, not killing. If you wanted to conduct a Minimum Lethal Concentration, how could it be done?

Hypothesis 1: Mercury in thimerosal caused neurological damage in children, and is at least partly responsible for
the increase in autism diagnoses.

Hypothesis 2: Te rate of autism incidence is not increasing, only the rate of autism diagnoses, as greater awareness
of the syndrome and increased screening of children yields more positive diagnoses of autism.

What are the observations that led to the generation of the above hypotheses? Do both hypotheses make testable predictions? How could you test them?

Given the viral life cycle pictured, identify 3 stages of the cycle which you might target with a therapeutic molecule in order to both (i) prevent or inhibit spread of the virus, and (ii) avoid affecting human cells. Explain your choice in detail in all cases.

Explain what meat allergy (or alpha-gal syndrome) is and how it develops.

A sixty year old man is found comatose. He has dry mucus membranes and a blood glucose level of 650 mg/dL but no ketones in blood. A urine dipstick test is positive for glucose but negative for ketones. What would be your diagnosis and why?

You are researching a population of brittle stars that varies in the number of legs that they produce. You survey the local population, and come up with the numbers below. Assume that the phenotypes you encounter represent the full range of possible phenotypes in this population.

1. Calculate the phenotypic variance in this trait.
2. Do the traits in this population appear to be normally distributed? Give an explanation of why this pattern might be observed.

3. Through a series of breeding experiments, you calculate that h2 for this population is 0.3. If no dominant alleles contribute to this trait, and there are no epistatic interactions involving the gene loci that control this trait, what is VE for this population?

#of legs: # of individuals:

5 ; 420

6 ; 189

7 ; 72

8 ; 5

9 ; 3

Define mange and describe the 3 types of mange mites.

Submit all three checklists for points

Question 110 pts

All life on earth shares a common genetic history.

Group of answer choices

True

False

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Question 210 pts

__________ is the movement of gene sets in and out of a population due to death, immigration, emigration, etc. smoothing out the variations in characteristics over time.

Group of answer choices

Gene Flow

Protein Flow

Lipid Flow

Gene Growth

Gene Transfer

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Question 310 pts

By selecting for or against certain Genes (or traits), natural forces shape evolution at the population level for a species.

Group of answer choices

True

False

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Question 410 pts

The Bottleneck Effect occurs when ___________.

Group of answer choices

large groups of individuals leave their home population and establish new settlements, mating only among themselves

many members of a population die, resulting in a great loss of genetic diversity

small groups of individuals leave their home population and establish new settlements, mating only among themselves

many members of a population reproduce causing too much genetic diversity within the population

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Question 510 pts

Which one of the following would a Biologist describe as Microevolution?

Group of answer choices

dramatic biological changes, such as the origin of wings on a bird which leads to a new novel characteristic and true flight

a change in the gene pool of a population from one generation to the next but no new species are formed

the extinction of species

the formation of new species

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Question 610 pts

____________ is the change in large characteristics of a group of organisms leading to novel traits, new species, and unique new groups of organisms.  

Group of answer choices

Microevolution

Macroevolution

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Question 710 pts

Blue-footed booby birds have blue, webbed feet and are comically clumsy when they walk on land. Evolutionary scientists view these feet as

Group of answer choices

a curiosity that has little to teach us regarding evolution.

an example of a trait that has not evolved.

an example of a trait that is poorly adapted.

the outcome of a trade-off: Webbed feet perform poorly on land, but are very helpful in diving for food.

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Question 810 pts

An elk herd is observed over many generations. Most of the full-grown bull elk have antlers of nearly the same size, although a few have antlers that are significantly larger or smaller than this average size. The average antler size remains constant over the generations. Which of the following effects probably accounts for this situation?

Group of answer choices

Diversifying Selection

Stabilizing Selection

Directional Selection

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Question 910 pts

The mode of Natural Selection in which one extreme phenotype is fittest and the environment selects against the others is called ________.

Group of answer choices

Directional Selection

Diversifying Selection

Concert Ticket Selection at Ticketmaster

Stabilizing Selection

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Question 1010 pts

A female peacock choosing the most colorful male peacock would be a good example of _______ Selection.

Group of answer choices

Homosexual

Intrasexual

Heterosexual

Bisexual

Intersexual

1. a.) how long would it take in minutes to replicate the E. coli chromosome if it used unidirectional rather than bidirectional replication? Explain how you calculated this answer.

b.) not accounting for individual chromosomes and telomeres, i.e., use genome size, polyerization rate, and number of origins, how long should it take in hours to replicate the diploid human genome? Explain how you calculated this answer. why is this calculated time less than the observed time?

Question 110 pts

Which One (1) of the following traits is not a trait which all vertebrate animals possess or share?

Group of answer choices

Dorsal, Nerve Chord

Four Pentadactyl (five-fingered) appendages or limbs (4 legs or 2 arms and 2 legs)

Post-anal tail

Notochord or internal support rod

Gill Pouches

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Question 210 pts

___________ is the comparative study of the similarities and differences between similar structures of related organisms.

Group of answer choices

Molecular Biology

Genetics

Comparative Embryology

Comparative Anatomy

Biogeography

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Question 310 pts

Which one of the following statements about Adaptation is true?

Group of answer choices

Adaptation is possible when all the alleles in a gene pool are the same.

An individual that has learned how to survive cold winters has become adapted to the cold.

A population that has an increase in frequency of alleles for thicker fur has become adapted to the cold.

Adaptation results when cold temperatures cause mutations for longer fur.

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Question 410 pts

Farmers and horticulturalists have bred broccoli, cauliflower, kale, and cabbage from the wild mustard plant through ___________.

Group of answer choices

Genetic Drift

Natural Selection

Artificial Selection

Evolution

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Question 510 pts

A Petrified Fossil occurs when __________.

Group of answer choices

the imprint of an animal fills with mud, that later hardens to rock

a leaf sinks into water and fine sediment covers the leaf and compresses

a whole organism is trapped in a plant resin

minerals replace the organic material left by a decaying organism

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Question 610 pts

Structures that evolved from the same structure in a common ancestor are

Group of answer choices

Analogous Structures.

Homologous Structures.

Convergent Adaptations.

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Question 710 pts

Which set of islands did Darwin visit which influenced his beliefs concerning the Theory of Evolution?

Group of answer choices

Canary Islands

Carribean Islands

Hawaiian Islands

Galapagos Islands

Phillipine Islands

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Question 810 pts

Living species have arisen from earlier life forms.

Group of answer choices

True

False

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Question 910 pts

"Descent with Modification" occurs through the Inheritance of Acquired Characteristics.

Group of answer choices

True

False

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Question 1010 pts

_________ is the comparative study of the early stages of life (when an organism is still developing) among different organisms.

Group of answer choices

Biogeography

Comparative Anatomy

Comparative Embryology

Molecular Biology

Genetics

In some horse populations, blindness can be a common trait. Let’s assume this trait is controlled by one gene, where dominant allele B produces a normal sighted horse and recessive allele b leads to blindness in homozygosity. A wild horse researcher determines that the frequency of blind horses in a specific population of wild horses in Nevada is 0.04.

Which of the following scenarios would make the wild horse population of Nevada no longer in Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium for the blindness trait?

Group of answer choices

a) Public land managers bring in 100 new horses all with normal vision from other wild populations each year

b) All of these scenarios would bring the population out of equilibrium

c) There is no preferred mating between normal vision and blind horses in the population

d) The population is able to thrive in their environment and stays very large