5. You have a dialysis bag containing 15-mL protein solution in 0.20 M NaCl. a. Would it be more efficient to dialyse this solution against i)one 2 L volume of buffer until equilibrium is reached, or to ii)dialyze the solution against one L buffer until equilibrium is reached, the remove the bag and dialyze against another one L of buffer til equilibrium is reached. Assume there is no volume change in the dialysis bag with dialysis. (1 pt) {type answer here } b. What is the concentration of NaCl left in the dialysis bag after condition i? What is the concentration of NaCl left in the dialysis bag after condition ii? (2 pts)

How is transcription initiated and terminated? What is the importance of the promoter consensus sequence? How and why do consensus sequences differ from one another?

How may pollination occur in the angiosperms? Are there any significant advantages or disadvantages to this pollination strategy?

1. What is DNA polymerase? Explain the roles of its various components in DNA replication.

2. What is RNA polymerase? Explain its role in transcription. How is RNA polymerase similar to and different from DNA polymerase?

Discuss how adaptations allowed plants to move from an aquatic environment to the variety of habitats they inhabit today. You may wish to start out discussing single celled algae and include the transition from prokaryotes to eukaryotes. At the beginning or end of the essay, it may be helpful to write about plants that you have observed (using correct scientific nomenclature), and consider their traits and habitat. Then explain why those traits are adaptive, and how they arose. Don't forget the role of natural selection in adaptation.

16. Name three of the four parts of the axial skeleton.
17. Name one type of moveable joint and give an example of where it is found.

18. Name the type of bone tissue that protects against jolts and bumps.
19. How does the skeletal system help maintain calcium levels in the blood?

20. What is the process that forms new bone called? What role does the process
play in an adult whose bones have stopped growing?

1.) Which portion of the autonomic nervous system must be most active in the genitals for vaginal lubrication to occur?

a. Parasympathetic

b. Sympathetic

c. Somatic

2.) The human clinical syndrome in which a fetus produces produce excessive amounts of androgen in the adrenal glands, due to a reduced ability to produce cortisol, which affects external genital formation and results in masculinization of the external genitalia, is known as ________________.

a. PCOS (polycystic ovarian syndrome)

b. CAH (congenital adrenal hyperplasia)

c. AIS (androgen insensitivity syndrome)

3.) What does estradiol do during sexual differentiation?

a. It inhibits development of the Wolffian ducts

b. It doesn’t play a role in the development of gonads or genitalia

c. It stimulates development of the Mullerian ducts

d. It stimulates development of the ovaries

e. It stimulates development of the clitor1s in female embryos

4.) Which part of the primordial gonad do the testes develop from?

a. The stroma

b. The medulla

c. The cortex

Compare and contrast the four types of memory; episodic memory, semantic memory, working memory, and procedural memory.

Then on neuron one show me what the neuron is like at resting state, please include:

a. sodium potassium pump The sodium-potassium pump (PDB entries 2zxe and 3b8e ) is found in our cellular membranes, where it is in charge of generating a gradient of ions. It continuallypumps sodium ions out of the cell and potassium ions into the cell, powered by ATP.

b. sodium Na+ It's also called a serum sodium test. Sodium is an essential mineral to your body. It's also referred to as Na+. Sodium is particularly important for nerve and muscle function.

c. potassium K+ The chemical notation for potassium is K⁺. The proper level of potassium is essential for normal cell function.

On neuron two show (via a drawing) me what happens during an action potential (depolarization), describe what happens to the voltage within and without the neuron. Include the movements of the Na+ and K+ ions.

On Neuron three show me via your drawing how a neuron goes back to resting state. Describe the movement of Ions across the neurons membrane and show me where all this takes place on the neuron. Please include hyperpolarization.

Similarly to assignment one, I want you to draw me a close up picture of a synapse (what happens between the Axon terminals of the presynaptic neuron and the dendrites of a post synaptic neuron communicate). Please take a picture of your drawing and attach it to the assignment, in lieu of this write up a document that parallels this assignment as close as possible and attach that to the assignment instead.  Include the following elements and describe briefly what they are doing to produce a synaptic event.

a. vesicles

b. neurotransmitter - explain where it is and what it does

c. synaptic gap

d. reuptake mechanism - describe its function and how it works.

e. receptors

f. extra credit calcium and its channel

As you may know, gene transcription begins with the assembly of the transcriptional machinery (TFIIA-H proteins) at the core promoter of genes. Where do you think core promoters are more likely to be located? Nucleosome DNA or Linker DNA?

Go ahead and formulate a hypothesis on the more likely location of core promoters of genes in DNA, and defend it with molecular biology arguments (in other words, why would one or the other be a preferred location for core promoters, based on what you know about nucleosome DNA and linker DNA?).

Then, I want you to imagine that you have access to a standard molecular genetics lab, and I want you to propose an experimental test of your hypothesis. You don’t need to get too technical, just a description of how you would design an experiment that tests your hypothesis, indicating samples, treatments, and the measurements or readouts that that you plan to take. Your imaginary lab has the following equipment:

1)  Antibodies for immunoprecipitation: these are molecules that can bind to several kinds of proteins, and allow you to physically pull them down (along with anything that is bound to them). In this case, imagine that you have access to antibodies that allow you to separate any proteins bound to DNA and isolate them along with any DNA bound to them!!

2)DNA sequencer: a machine that allows you to “read” the sequence of a given DNA sample.

3)Core promoter sequences: Information about what a typical core promoter sequence looks like.

So go ahead and design an experiment using any combination of one or more of the resources listed above, and do not forget to describe what results you expect to see, should your hypothesis be correct.

Your submission should be 200 words or fewer,

PLEASE use ONLY the equipment mentioned above.

Compare and contrast Gleasonian vs. Clementsian community Ecology. Provide examples that support each. What is the consensus as to which seems to best describe most communities?

Compare the adaptations of plants in Tropical Rainforests and Temperate Forests

Compare and contrast exotoxins and endotoxins with regard to their: a) chemical nature, b) source, c) effects on human body cells and resulting symptoms, and d) examples.

Which gives off the most energy?

a. DNA replication

b. fermentation

c. translation

d. Calvin Benson cycle

e. cell division