Experiment 2: Transcription and Translation 1. Use a pen or pencil to write a five word sentence using no more than eight different letters in the space below. 2. Now, use the red, blue, green, and yellow beads to form “codons” (three beads) for each letter in your sentence. Then, create codons to represent the “start, “space” and stop” regions within your sentence. Write the sentence using the beads in the space below: 3. How many beads did you use? 4. Assign one Pop-It® bead to represent each codon. You do not need to assign a Pop-It® bead for the start, stop and space regions. These will be your amino acids. 5. Connect the Pop-It® beads to build the chain of amino acids that code for your sentence (leave out the start, stop, and space regions). 6. How many different amino acids did you use? 7. How many total amino acids did you use?

Influential genes and proteins in dairy cattle:

Genetic methods have been used to examine regions of the dairy cattle genome that appear to have been under selection. A positive signature of selection in a given region implies the genes contained therein are potentially important for aspects of milk production such as yield.

Two such genes found to be of importance in dairy cattle are DGAT1 (which encodes the fat biosynthesis enzyme diacylglycerol o-acyltransferase 1) and GHR (which encodes the growth hormone receptor).

44. Why might these two genes be important for milk production?

EF-Tu...

A. binds GTP and delivers amino-acyl tRNAs to the A site of the ribosome

B. is hydrolyzed to allow release of initiation factors

C. binds GTP and allows ribosomal movement down the mRNA

D. allows base pairing between the mRNA and the 16s rRNA

Episode 1 of the documentary Emperor of all Maladies titled Magic Bullets

The Emperor of all Maladies: Episode 1: Magic Bullets

2. What are the limitations of this single strategy, and what was the effect of “pushing to the limit“ on the patient?

Experiment 3: DNA Extraction 1. What is the texture and consistency of the DNA? 2. Why did we use a salt in the extraction solution? 3. Is the DNA soluble in the aqueous solution or alcohol? 4. What else might be in the ethanol/aqueous interface? How could you eliminate this? 5. Which DNA bases pair with each other? How many hydrogen bonds are shared by each pair? 6. How is information to make proteins passed on through generations? 7. Watch the Virtual Lab demonstrating DNA Extraction (located in the Student Portal and/or your lab introduction). In this experiment, how do the Lysis Solution and the Salt Solution vary by function? 8. Identify one step which was included in the Virtual Lab which was not required in the hands-on experiment. Then, identify one step which was included in the hands-on experiment, but not the virtual lab. Why weren’t these steps required?

1. Which of the following observations is true concerning the effect of body mass on demographics?

a. The higher the body mass, the higher the population density

b. The lower the body mass, the higher the population density

c. The higher the body mass, the higher the population size

d. The lower the body mass, the higher the population size

2. To determine population size in a population of immobile organisms such as plants, or for very small and slow-moving organisms, one could use:

a. A quadrat

b. Mark and recapture

c. Aerial surveillance

d. Their life table

e. The species distribution pattern

3. The size of a population has tremendous implications for the adaptability of future generation because of the importance of:

a. Food availability

b. Water availability

c. The ability of an individual to find a mate

d. Genetic diversity

4. The term used to describe the total number of individuals per unit area is the

a. life cycle

b. population size

c. population density

d. body mass

5. The maximum population size that a particular environment can sustain is referred to as the _________________.

6. Which of the following would be an example of an R-selected species?

a. Humans

b. Mice

c. Elephants

d. Cows

7. The top portion (leveling off) of the S-curve demonstrates the _________________.

a. R-selection

b. J-shaped curve

c. Exponential growth

d. Carrying capacity

e. Logistic growth

8. Weather, pollution, and natural disasters such as floods and fires are examples of density _______________________________ regulation.

9. The model of population growth in which population grows without any restriction on their growth is called ____________________________ growth.

a. Exponential

b. Logistic

c. Density dependent

d. Density independent

10. The model of population growth in which population growth will level off due to dwindling resource is called ______________________ growth.

a. Exponential

b. Logistic

c. Density dependent

d. Density independent

11. Which type of country is more likely to have a higher birth rate and higher proportion of young people than older people?

a. A country with zero population growth

b. A developed country

c. An underdeveloped country

12. Which of the following factors did NOT directly contribute to human population growth?

a. Education

b. Vaccination

c. Antibiotic usage

d. Sanitation

13. Human population growth is following:

a. An S-shaped curve

b. A J-shaped curve

c. Logistic growth

d. Zero population growth

14. Our large intestine serves as a home for millions and millions of bacteria, known as our normal flora. These bacteria live and thrive on our intestinal contents, especially on the cellulose which we cannot digest. In return, they suppress the levels of harmful bacteria and produce several forms of vitamins B and K. The relationship between us and the bacteria can be characterized as ___________________.

a. Amensalism

b. Parasitism

c. Commensalism

d. Mutualism

15. A massive forest fire devastated Yosemite National Park is 2013. The new growth which appeared the following spring is an example of __________________ ________________.

a. Keystone species

b. Foundation species

c. Climax community

d. Secondary succession

e. Primary succession

16. The otter is an example of a/an ________________ ___________________ in the Pacific Northwest. They feed in sea urchins, limiting their population. If the otters didn’t eat the urchins, the urchins would destroy the kelp. Kelp is giant seaweed, a major source of food and shelter for the ecosystem.

a. Foundation species

b. Keystone species

c. Climax community

d. Island biogeography

17. The number of vertebrate species in the Mojave Desert is estimated to be 380. This could be described as the __________________________ of the region.

a. Species richness

b. Relative species abundance

c. Foundation species

d. Climax community

18. When two species have population curves which increase and decrease in repetitive cycles, one slightly in advance of the other, it may be indicative of a ______________________ relationship.

a. Symbiotic

b. Parasitic

c. Commensurate

d. Predator-prey

19. Fat soluble compounds that are stored in the fat tissues of organisms, at ever increasing concentration as it moves up the food chain are serious threat because of ______________________________.  

20. In the food chain “grass --> grasshopper--> frog --> snake --> hawk”, grass is the ______________.

a. Producer

b. Secondary consumer

c. Tertiary consumer

d. Primary consumer

21. In the food chain “grass --> grasshopper--> frog --> snake --> hawk”, frog is the ______________.

a. Producer

b. Secondary consumer

c. Tertiary consumer

d. Primary consumer

22. When the primary source of energy is dead organic matter such as fallen leaves, plant parts or dead animal bodies, it is said to be a:

a. Climax community

b. Grazing food web

c. Food chain

d. Detritus food web

23. An autotroph which uses sunlight to produce its food is known as a __________________.

24. The trophic level of the food chain which has the least amount of energy would be the:

a. Tertiary consumer

b. Secondary consumer

c. Primary consumer

d. Producer

25. The term “trophic level” is best defined as the:

a. Water level

b. Size level

c. Energy level

d. Growth level

Grouse in Russia show a recessive mutation “short-tail” that causes problems in the control of direction when flying. In 2002 a survey of a large, freely interbreeding, population of 1,856 grouse revealed 142 with short tail feathers.

a) What proportion of the grouse population would you expect to be heterozygous at the short-tail locus

b) What proportion of the grouse population would you expect to be heterozygous at the short-tail locus

c) Due to rising affluence there was an increase in recreational grouse hunting. In a later survey of the grouse over some years it was found that a significant decrease had taken place in the population. In 2003 there were 2,861 grouse and in 2004 there were only 2,369 and all the surviving grouse had long tails. Support by calculation that this change would reflect greater vulnerability of short tail grouse to killing by hunters.

d)After further random mating of survivors what would be the percentage of homozygous dominants, heterozygotes and homozygous recessives expected in the next generation in the absence of any further hunting?

A phytochemical known as Barago has been found to be a competitive inhibitor of 2,3-Bisphosphoglycerate onhemoglobin. What would be the effect of Barago on; (i) Adult hemoglobin, (ii) Fetal hemoglobin? [ Justify your response

in most ecosystems, the biomes of carnivores is greater than the biomass of producers

TRUE or FALSE

In older adults, chronic stress increases the risk of chronic inflammation and metabolic syndrome because:

A. Chronic stress increases cortisol, which increases inflammation, which suppresses insulin signaling.

B. Chronic stress increases cortisol, which decreases inflammation, which stimulates insulin signaling.

C. Chronic stress decreases cortisol, which increases inflammation, which suppresses insulin signaling.

D. Chronic stress decreases cortisol, which decreases inflammation, which stimulates insulin signaling.

1. (a) Which of the following types of biomolecules would most likely be found embedded in a phospholipid bilayer?

So, Grime’s stress-disturbance classification vs. Winemiller & Rose’s opportunistic-equilibrium-periodic classification. Things to know: variables associated with each. Types of organisms that best fit each one (plants? Animals? Others?). Why are such classifications useful? What can we learn from them (example topics: conservation, invasive species, succession).

name one risk factors for CVD.