How does the human cardiovascular system respond when an individual faces a fight-or-flight situation? (1 point)

a)Blood pressure and heart rate decrease, and blood supply to large muscle groups increases.

b)Blood pressure and heart rate increase, and blood supply to large muscle groups is increased.

c)It slows down and diverts blood flow to the brain, providing more energy for problem solving.

d)It speeds up and diverts blood flow to the digestive system, providing additional energy.

Describe how information is passed from the pre-synaptic to post-synaptic neuron in order to allow information flow throughout the nervous system.

An Iron Man competition takes over 8 hours to complete.

The following are some of the changes that occur to the human body during exercise:

i. increased body temperature
ii. loss of H₂O and electrolytes
iii. decreased blood pressure

How does a human body adjust to this prolonged changes during exercise (provided above) to maintain homeostasis?

What happened to the adaptive landscape of Daphne over the last years of the study? How does this change relate to hybridization, and how and why do species normally guard against hybridization?

1. Genes often interact with one another. The term epistasis is applied to cases in which one gene alters the expression of another gene that is independently inherited. In Labrador retriever dogs one gene locus is involved with production of melanin pigment: B (black) and b (brown) are its two alleles. Another gene locus determines whether the melanin produced is actually deposited in individual hairs as they grow (E) or not deposited (e). Any dog with at least one dominant allele B and one dominant allele E will be a black Labrador. A dog with the homozygous recessive bb and at least one dominant E will be a lighter, chocolate Labrador. If a dog has the homozygous ee genotype it will be a yellow Labrador, regardless of the alleles at the pigment locus.

   1. Give possible genotypes for a dog with the black Labrador phenotype?

      With respect to locus B

      With respect to locus E

   2. Give possible genotypes for a dog with the chocolate Labrador phenotype?

      With respect to locus B

      With respect to locus E

   3. Give possible genotypes for a dog with the yellow Labrador phenotype?

      With respect to locus B

      With respect to locus E

2. A yellow Labrador with the genotype bbee mates with a black Labrador that is homozygous for both alleles. What are the ratios of genotypes and phenotypes expected in the F1 and F2 generations?

P.S More in Need for help with Question 2.

"A selectively permeable membrane is essential for life”. Critically discuss this statement using a range of relevant examples of your choice.

Available data on the problem of alcohol in the public health of the community.

1. You are given the task of creating a genetic map of three genes of Drosophila melanogaster . The genes are all located on the same chromosome. The genes are for body color, eye color and antenna formation. The alleles for body color are yellow and gray (wild-type), the alleles for eye color are sepia and red (wild-type) and the alleles for antenna are short and normal (wild-type). The mutant alleles for body and eye color are recessive, while the mutant allele for antenna formation is dominant. You follow the procedure for determining the order and map distance for the genes and obtain the following data:

Short, gray, sepia = 240 Short, yellow, red = 2 Short, yellow, sepia = 500 Short, gray, red = 22 Normal, yellow, red = 270 Normal, gray, sepia = 5 Normal, yellow, sepia = 15 Normal, gray, red = 444

Hints for drawings: size matters! Don’t draw all genes equidistant. If two genes are further away from each other than another set, make sure to draw it that way.

Based on the data given:

1. Define each gene and allele. Based on how you defined the alleles, what was the genotype and phenotype of the P gen? Make sure to notate alleles properly and to draw the chromosomes correctly. Make sure the genes are in the correct order.

2. What was the genotype and phenotype of the F1 gen? Make sure to notate alleles properly and to draw the chromosomes correctly. Make sure the genes are in the correct order.

3. What was the genotype and phenotype of the Test cross that was performed? Make sure to notate alleles properly and to draw the chromosomes correctly. Make sure the genes are in the correct order.

4. What are all of the map distances between the genes given? Make sure to draw the chromosomes correctly, the genes are in the proper order and units are used.

1. Since we are all so closely related, it is amazing that we see such tremendous diversity in the human population. List three reasons why phenotypic traits such as skin color, eye color or collagen production can vary so widely. For each reason you state, you must fully describe how that particular genetic phenomenon works. Please answer in detail.

Question 1: The alien species has decided that they will use a special ray gun to destroy all of a specific type of organelles from all of the cells of your outer ears. Choose which of the following you would miss the least and discuss exactly what the results would be on a cellular level (hint- think of the functions of that organelle). List any treatments that you would try to counteract the loss of that organelle. Choose one of the following organelles to be removed in all of the cells of your outer ears: nucleus, ribosomes, mitochondria, vacuoles, golgi, ER, or lysosomes

Question 2: The alien species has decided that they want use a ray gun on you that will duplicate or remove one of the 23 types of chromosomes in all of your body cells. You get to choose which chromosome is affected (choose the the one that would impact your life the least). If your last name begins with A-G Choose a chromosome that you will lose (you will lose one copies so now you will have a total of 45 chromosomes).

Question 3: The aliens have decided to remove one chemical element from the entire earth (one of the elements from the periodic table). 6 points: List and describe which 3 elements would impact life on earth the most if removed and exactly why each of these elements are important to life. 4 points: List and describe which two elements would impact life the least and describe why you wouldn't mind them being permanently removed from earth forever

How did humans domesticate crops 10,000 years ago? Describe the process of domestication for at least three crops, including which traits have changed in those crops during the domestication process

1. How is it that we all have the same genes, yet we can have different genotypes for a given gene that results in the expression of a different phenotype? Again, I am looking for a description of what is happening on a molecular level to result in different phenotypes.

A microscopic cluster of Staphylococcus aureus is transferred to the surface of your skin.

a.    Describe any defense mechanisms these cells will have to avoid at this portal of entry.

b.   The microbial cells have managed to survive these attacks and now enter into a hair follicle. Discuss what skin disease(s) may arise due to the entry of this pathogen

Chris (Blood Type A; Widows Peak (an autosomal dominant trait), normal skin pigment) and his wife Pat (Blood Type B; No Widows Peak; Albino (an autosomal recessive trait) have four children. Chris has a sister with cystic fibrosis (an autosomal recessive trait), but Chris appears normal. Chris is colorblind (an X-linked recessive trait), but Pat is not.

Which of the following might NOT be the child of Chris and Pat?

Blood Type A; Widows Peak; Normal Skin Pigment

Blood Type B; No Widows Peak; Albino

Blood Type AB; Widows Peak; Normal Skin Pigment

Blood Type O; No Widows Peak; Albino

Any of them could be their child.

If Chris is heterozygous for skin pigment; what expected percent of potential offspring with Pat would be albino?