Non-avian reptiles have ranges of adaptations to make their hearts more efficient than their predecessor chordates.

a) Why do people say that reptiles have a “3.5” chamber heart?

b) How does heart morphology differ between the four major groups of reptiles?

c) How does an average reptile heart differ from the other members of the reptilomorpha?

d) Part of why the heart of reptiles can remain more “basal” is because of their low metabolic need – why is metabolic need so low?

A necessary and essential feature of RNA polymerases is their ability to home in to promoters to initiate transcription, and then transition to transcription elongation. Explain the biological context of the above statement.

Amphibians are one of the most ancestral-like tetrapods.

a) What evolutionary changes have occurred between fish & amphibians?

b) What features did sarcopterygii have that allowed to move to land?

c) Why/what features make people call amphibians “living fossils”?

d) What considerable changes occurred in the cardiovascular system of amphibians?

treatment for osteomyelitis includes

What biotic factors might account for any differences between different types of habitats, such as disturbed and less disturbed hillsides. Please explain with great detail

Explain whether the results on the effect of lactose reflect an adaptive mechanism of gene regulation. Does it make biological sense for lactose to have this effect? Why? Is it adaptive for glucose to alter the ability of lactose to induce the enzymes needed for lactose breakdown? Explain.

You are an MD/PhD student studying left-right laterality defects in humans. You are monitoring a pregnancy in which the heart and stomach are positioned on the incorrect side of the body, while the rest of the organs are positioned normally.

a) [2pts] What would be the name of this type of visceral organ defect?

You are able to perform corrected surgery on the infant soon after birth. You perform a genetic analysis and discover this child had a mutation in a stretch activated calcium channel.

b) [2pts] What are the normal roles of stretch activated calcium channels?

c) [4pts] Why might this mutation cause the left-right laterality defects you observed?

d) [4pts] Assuming that mouse and human left-right patterning are achieved through similar mechanisms what would you predict Nodal expression in the LPM would have looked like in this human patient during early development? Explain your thinking.

Cro and cI proteins both have helix-turn-helix DNA binding domains. What effect would replacing cro’s DNA binding domain with that of cI’s have on the life-cycle of lambda phage? Explain briefly

people with sickle cell anemia have deformed red blood cells that cant properly transport oxygen to cells. compared to a healthy human, sickle cell patients would be mostly defective in?

a) osmosis

b)ATP production

c) glycolysis

d) fermentation

1. What type or types of phenotypes are favored by stabilizing selection?

2. What type or types of phenotypes are favored by directional selection?

3. What type or types of phenotypes are favored by disruptive selection?

Describe the central dogma of cell biology by explaining each step as well as where each step takes place in the cell. Make sure to include the terms: transcription, mRNA, splicesome, introns, exons, translation, ribosomes, primary transcript, nucleus, cytoplasm, and endoplasmic reticulum.

Describe the breakdown of a molecule of sugar through respiration. Make sure to explain where the different steps in the process occur, what the names of the steps are, how many ATP are produced in each step and what the final products are of the process.