Discuss a) Genomic and complementary DNA (cDNA) libraries and b) The testing of pharmaceutical drugs.

How does the nucleus coordinate gene expression

What is the relationship between the number of chromosomes in an organism's genome and its biological complexity?

a) more complex organisms have a higher number of chromosomes due to a higher number of genes

b) organisms have the same number of chromosomes, even though they vary in complexity

c) there is no relationship, many less complex organisms have a large number of chromosomes

d) less complex organisms have fewer chromosomes because it takes less time and energy to replicate their cells

e) less complex organisms tend to have more chromosomes and more proteins encoded by them

Which molecule is required to carry the information stored in the nucleus to the ribosome for protein synthesis?

a) transfer RNA (tRNA)

b) DNA ligase

c) messenger RNA (mRNA)

d) the genetic code

e) termination enzymes

Which of the following is NOT a stage of mitosis?

a) prophase

b) telophase

c) retrophase

d) anaphase

e) metaphase

Choose the correct order of heredity from smallest to largest.

a) gene, chromosome, allele, genome

b) gene, allele, chromosome, genome

c) chromosome, genome, allele, gene

d) allele, gene, chromosome, genome

e) genome, chromosome, allele, gene

The gene for earlobes is dominant, where EE= attached lobes. Sally is heterozygous for this gene. Which statement is true about Sally?

a) she has the phenotype for attached earlobes, and a genotype with one allele

b) she has a genotype for attached earlobes, and a phenotype with one allele

c) she has the phenotype for attached earlobes, and a genotype with two alleles

d) she has the genotype for unattached earlobes, and a phenotype with two alleles

e) she has the phenotype for unattached earlobes, and a genotype with two alleles

What is the group of three adjacent nucleotides which initiates polypeptide formation called?

a) termination sequence

b) genetic code

c) promoter

d) start codon

e) small subunit

explain two factors that might control the changes in distribution and virulence of malaria in a changing climate?

As a child, you greatly disliked having to receive vaccines by injection (shots). Therefore, you have elected to genetically engineer a vaccine that can be administered via ingestion. How would you design such a vaccine? (Provide concrete steps) What maybe some limitations of the vaccine you have designed? (example efficacy of the vaccine, effect of digestion).

why would aromsin compete with testostreone the precursor of estrogen.

Vitamins serve as co-enzymes in many biochemical reactions. What vitamins (co-enzymes) would you supply bacteria and which you would remove from the medium to prevent accumulation of fat by bacteria.

Imagine that you have been assigned four substances from which you will observe the rate of diffusion: substance #1: 212mg? substance #2: 1918 mg substance #3: 50 mg substance #4: 4 mg a) substance #2 will diffuse fastest at first but the other materials will catch up within an hour b) The rate of diffusion for the four substance will be equal

Indicate whether the following statements apply to exotoxins or endotoxins 1. the effect is tissue specific e.g neurotoxin 2. these are made of protein and are often secreted by the pathogen 3. these are only produced by gram negative organisms 4. we are vaccinated against some of these 5. this causes diseases by producing a massive, systemic inflammatory response 6. this one tends to be more heat stable 7. this disease causing component is lipid A

2. Serotonin is a neurotransmitter. What would you assume about the stability of serotonin? Please explain your answer.

which is considered characteristic of the acquired of the immunological system?

a. specificity

b. memory

c. recognition of self (self-preservation)

d. inducible

e. all of the above are true

Shark Questions:

1. What may be the purpose of counter shading in sharks and other types of fish?

2. What are the functions of the shark liver?

3. Make a flow chart (using arrows) of shark digestion.

4. Why are rugae necessary to shark digestion?

5. Why do you think carnivores have shorter intestines than herbivores; what might be the adaptive advantage?

6. Why does the ovoviviparous reproductive method improve the chances of an individual shark’s survival, but at the same time make the species of shark more vulnerable to overfishing and other environmental problems?