what is the difference between top down and bottom up processing?

Explain step-by-step the transduction pathway of Acetylcholine in the heart.

Can someone answer it for me and may i have the reference in apa format? thank you in advance!

1. What is cholesterol's mechanism of absorption, synthesis, esterification, and
metabolism?
2.Does the low-cholesterol diet translate to a lower risk of CHD?
3. Why is there a need to esterify cholesterols?
4. How does fatty acid contribute to the generation of energy via beta-oxidation
process.
5Why is there a presence of ketones in uncontrolled type 1 DM? Why is it
absent in type 2 DM?
6. How does phospholipid differ with triglyceride?
7. How does LP(a) differ with LDL in terms of structure?
8. What are the roles of various lipoproteins
9. What are the functions of various apolipoproteins
10. How are chylomicrons formed? How do they reach the circulation starting
from the intestines?
11. How does chylomicron transfer its lipid content to various tissues?
12. How does the intestinal pathway of lipoprotein metabolism work?
13. How does the hepatic pathway of lipoprotein metabolism work?
14. What happens to chylomicron remnants after the hydrolysis of its triglyceride
content (at least two events)?
15. VLDL also contains cholesterol and has Apo B-100 that can interact with LDL
receptors. Why is that it gives only its triglyceride contents to cells?
16. What are the two fates of VLDL remnants?
17. How does LDL deliver cholesterol to cells? Explain the mechanism
18. What are the two types of reverse cholesterol transfer pathways? Explain
each.
19. What is the clinical significance of lipid and lipoprotein testing?
20. What lipids and lipoproteins are associated with a higher risk of developing
CHD?
21. Aside from certain lipids and lipoproteins, what acute phase reactant is
considered as a sensitive predictor of risk for CHD?
22. What are the various methods used in measuring lipids and lipoproteins?
Explain each.

Can someone help me answer this question have the reference in apa format please ?
1. What is cholesterol's mechanism of absorption, synthesis, esterification, and
metabolism?
2. Does the low-cholesterol diet translate to a lower risk of CHD?
3. Why is there a need to esterify cholesterols?
4. How does fatty acid contribute to the generation of energy via beta-oxidation
process?
5. Why is there a presence of ketones in uncontrolled type 1 DM? Why is it
absent in type 2 DM?
6. How does phospholipid differ with triglyceride?
7. How does LP(a) differ with LDL in terms of structure?
8. What are the roles of various lipoproteins
9. What are the functions of various apolipoproteins
10. How are chylomicrons formed? How do they reach the circulation starting
from the intestines?
11. How does chylomicron transfer its lipid content to various tissues?
12. How does the intestinal pathway of lipoprotein metabolism work?

i edited it already just the 11 question. Can i get an answer for that please ?

1. For biology, energy is readily available from electron bonds between atoms of equal:

A) charge

B) atomic weight

C) magnetism

2. The order of electronegativity (great to small) of the following elements is:

A) O>>N>C=H

B) N>>C>O=H

C) C=H>N>>O

D) H<C=O<<N

3. 2^nd law of thermodynamics implies that for a multimer and all its monomeric subunits, (3 point)

A) many multimers in a system is a more stable situation than one monomer in that system

B) all monomeric subunits in a system is a more stable situation than the one multimer in that system

C) all monomeric subunits in a system is a less stable situation than the one multimer in that system

D) one multimer in a system is a less stable situation than many multimers in that system.

4. Reactions with a positive delta G

A) can occur as part of coupled reaction

B) are exergonic

C) are reactions that can never happen

D) reactions that do not require activation energy

5. Of the products of this redox reaction, compared to the reagents (3 point)

        XH + Y -> X + YH

A) X is oxidized, more stable

B) X is reduced, less stable

C) Y is reduced, less stable

D) A and C

1.) What kinds of drugs would you develop to combat viral infections?

2.) Frederick Griffith used mice and a pneumonia causing bacterium to demonstrate that dna is the basis of transformation. why is it called transformation not conjugation or transduction?

If the GTPase function of Ras is destroyed, Ras will always be on/activated. This causes increased Cyclin D and S phase genes expression by transcription factor E2F. Describe how this activation of Ras causes this increased expression of both Cyclin D and S phase genes by explaining the role/function of the following:

• Raf, MEK, ERK
• Myc
• Cyclin D/Cdk4 or Cdk 6
• Rb
• E2F

also indicate if any of the above are a kinase or transcription factor

1- On occasion, you will see no color change in the medium, however, there is visible growth on the Simmons citrate agar surface. How would you interpret this result?

2- In most biochemical test media, you will find a source of protein such as casein, beef extract or peptone. Why does Simmons citrate agar not have any such materials?

Structure and function of

transthyretin

mucin 2

catalase

calmodulin

Thanks

Does tiger lily disperse or migrate? describe what it does with more details.

You have constructed a DNA probe using the amino acid sequence of insulin ( a short piece of DNA carrying a label, such as radioactivity , which can hybridize with your target DNA ) to find your target gene. Explain your probe is a. single strand or double strand, and why . B. which part of the gene (intron, exon, promoter, etc..) is this probe binding to .

Explain how energy is harnessed by and then flows through ecosystems. Describe the major trophic levels. How efficient is the transfer of energy and what limits that efficiency?

Prediabetes is considered a reversible condition.

Enzymes are a diverse group of __________?

• A. lipids
• B. carbohydrates
• C. proteins
• D. nucleic acids

Diabetes insipidus is characterized by:

• A. polyuria
• B. polydipsia
• C. A and B
• D. neither A nor B

How is the dictyostelium discoideum communicate with each other and what is the motility and chemotaxis in dictyostelium discoideum

please explain detailed