Describe the basics of Endler’s guppy study (what did he discover and how did he test it?), AND explain how selection in the guppy study differed from that which the finches on Daphne Major experienced following the drought.

Geneticists have identified a number of mutations of the Drosophila gene, Dorsal. Most mutant alleles result in dorsalized embryos, i.e. all tissues are dorsal. But one mutant allele is dominant to wild-type and results in ventralized embryos, i.e. all tissues are ventral. How can these results can be explained? Choose from answers below.

1. Mutant Dorsal cannot bind Spätzle.
2. Mutant Dorsal cannot bind Cactus.
3. The Dorsal gene is constitutively expressed in the mutant.
4. Mutant Dorsal cannot bind DNA.
Mutant Dorsal initiates signal transduction in the presence or absence of Toll.

Patients with the disease cystic fibrosis make mucus that is much stickier and thicker than usual. While the main effects are in the lungs, the mucus also blocks ducts in the pancreas and prevents the release of pancreatic enzymes.

If Peter had untreated cystic fibrosis, which event(s) above would be greatly decreased? Choose all that apply.

Peter took a bite of the bagel.

Gastric juices broke down the protein from the breakfast.

Nutrients from the latté were secreted into capillaries.

Peristaltic contractions in the stomach churn the food.

Nutrients from the cream cheese entered the lymphatic vessels.

Indigestible wastes passed through Peter’s rectum and anus.

1. How many types of papillae have a human tongue, how many primary tastes recognized.

2. Which part of the tongue is more sensitive to sweet tastes, to salty testes, to sour testes, and to bitter testes.

DO NOT PLAGIARIZE, use outside sources, copy and paste, use other solutions that are on here. Please use your own words. How do you use the scientific method in your everyday life. At first this may seem strange, since you don't think that you use the scientific method at all. But by understanding the terms (like hypothesis, prediction, experiment, variables, controls, data gathering, and analysis), you should be able to relate them to something that you do. For example, some students have talked about how they figure out the quickest driving route to work. They first gather background information (maps, talking to others, etc.), hypothesize which way should be fastest, take the route the next day and time it, try another route a different day and time it, see if there's a difference when they leave, if it's a holiday, and so on. If you think hard about it, there are a lot of things that you do that you ask questions about and try to determine the best way of doing it. Essentially, that's using the scientific method!

i don't need a google answer please! i need it from any nutrition book

What are necessary energy and nutrient requirements essential for normal growth and development during infancy, childhood and adolescence?

Define operant conditioning. Who was the pioneer researcher who studied operant conditioning and generally how was it done? How is operant conditioning adaptive to an animal? What is/are the characteristic(s) of an animal species that uses operant conditioning versus a species that doesn’t use operant conditioning? For animals that use operant conditioning, discuss the restrictions on an animal’s ability to associate its behavior with either good or bad consequences. Why do these restrictions exist?

Describe what we mean by ‘conditional strategy.’ Describe what we mean by ‘optimal behavior.’ (Don’t give examples of an animal using conditional strategy or optimal behavior, rather actually describe conditional strategy and optimal behavior). Describe, with the use of a specific example, how conditional strategy and optimal behavior “interact” for a group of males of a given species that can choose among alternate mating tactics when attempting to mate.

Part I: Each statement below is false. Change the bolded word to make the statement true.

a) Restriction enzymes are used to make DNA circular.

b) Gel electrophoresis can tell you the sequence of a particular DNA fragment.

c) Fluorescence allows you to visualize bands of DNA on a gel.

d) DNA positively charged and is attracted to the negative electrode.

e) The speed at which DNA moves through a gel is directly related to its charge.

f) Larger fragments move fastest and furthest through the agarose gel.

g) When visualizing your gel, you can tell the size of the DNA fragments by the width.

h) Ethidium bromide acts as a buffer to conduct electricity and maintains pH.

Vertebrates often reside on land and give live birth. Which of the following groups of mammals do not align with one (or more) of these descriptions?

Which chemical removes calcium from bone?

Define ‘proximate cause’ of behavior and ‘ultimate cause’ of behavior. Describe two examples of proximate cause and two examples of ultimate cause of monogamy in prairie voles.

List and describe the three primary social interactions where the social recipient gains a positive effect on reproduction / fitness. Give one brief example for each of these interactions that clearly supports your definition. Define obligate and facultative altruism. Provide one example each for obligate and facultative altruism that clearly describes how these two forms of altruism work. Name and define the key factor that leads to altruism becoming a common behavior. What is “Hamilton’s Rule?”

This question is about the pentose phosphate pathway and interconnected metabolic pathways (glycolysis, gluconeogenesis.)

a) What reactions would occur if the cell needed lots of NADPH and only NADPH?

b) What reactions would occur if both NADPH and ATP were both needed?

c) What reactions would occur if nucleotides were needed for DNA synthesis and that was the primary need?

1) Match the following with their definitions

___ Kinase

___ Methylation

___ DNA ligase

___ Topoisomerases

___ Single- Stranded Binding

___ Exonuclease

A) Protiens that bind to and protect the unpaired DNA strands during replication.

B) Enzyme that relives the supercoiling strain due to the twisting of the DNA strands ahead of the replication fork.

C) Enzyme that removes an incorrect nucleotide from a growing DNA strand

D) Enzyme that phosphorylates other molecules

E) Enzyme that acts as "glue" upon removal of Okazaki fragments or DNA repair, binding the DNA strands back together

F) The method by which we can identify the older, parental DNA strand.

2) Match the following cellular processes with the phases of meiosis. You can only have one answer per question, but answers may be used more than once.

___ The meiotic spindle disappears

___ Synapsis occurs

___ Microtubules from both poles of the spindle move bivalents to the

center of the cell

___ Microtubules attatch to kinetochores at the centromeres on bivalents

___ The nuclear envelope re-forms around the segregated chromosomes

that contain sister chromatids

A.) Prophase I

B) Prophase II

C) Prometaphase I

D) Prometaphase II

E) Metaphase I

F) Metaphase II

G) Telophase I

H) Telophase II

I) Anaphase I

J) Anaphase II