In Covid-19 disease, what is the role of interferon and the adaptive immune response?

What is the split gal4 system? Why is it needed to label some cell types? Describe an experiment that combines split gal4 with scRNA-seq to precisely define cell identities in the drosophila brain. Describe the protocol of the experiment in detail

What process does plant go from the haploid generation to the diploid generation?

What are the four classes of biologically important macromolecules and explain how they contribute to cell structure and function

What are the similarities and differences between the acquisition of language in human infants and the evolution of language in the human species? Answer this question in terms of Tomasello’s theory.

Describe how transactional behaviors and co-activators work including the zinc fingers and leucine zippers

What are some of the opportunities and challenges to life on land? What were some of the first colonizers? How did this process occur?

What are some of the groups (classes of Vertebrates) and what are significant characteristics?

1.- the protection provided through transfer of antibodies from mother to fetus is an example of

1. active immunity
2. autoimmunity
3. cell-meditate immunity
4. clonal selection
5. passive immunity

2.- in mammalian defenses against invading pathogens, all of these are considered nonspecific defense mechanisms except

1. the inflammatory response
2. acquire immunity
3. mucous membrane
4. the skin

3.- antigens are

1. proteins that consists of two light and two heavy chain polypeptide chains
2. proteins that are not your own
3. proteins on the surface of B-cell membranes
4. proteins on the surface of macrophage membranes
5. proteins on the surface of T-cell membrane

4.- generally speaking vaccinations are effective in combatting future infections because they induce the production of

1. neutrophils
2. helper T cells
3. mutation in the host genome
4. memory cells

5.- most allergy medicines contain antihistamines that block the actions of histamine. These drugs reduce cold symptoms by directly

1. lysing virus-infected cells and preventing further propagation of the pathogen
2. blocking or reducing the inflammation response in mucous membrane
3. recruiting macrophages to the nasal epithelium
4. stimulating components of the immune system through the release of cytokines
5. stimulating the production of a specific antibodies

6.- the quick response of the immune system to a second infection is due to the ____, a feature of the immune system as demonstrated by the success of vaccines

1. activation of macrophage cells
2. innate immune system
3. suppression of supervisor cells
4. new cytotoxic T cell
5. adaptive immune system

7.- which immune system can respond to any pathogen, even those that have never been encountered before ?

1. cell-mediated
2. adaptive
3. innate
4. inflammatory response
5. antibody-mediate

8.- as part of the inflammatory response, ______ engulf and destroy invading bacteria

1. antibodies
2. dead skin cells
3. Histamines
4. mast cells
5. macrophages

9.- Eutherian mammals are uniquely defined by

1. the young developing in a pouch
2. having a placenta
3. having fur
4. longer gestation periods because of more highly developed placentas
5. laying eggs

How does biological diversity relate to the characteristics of the abiotic factors of an ecosystem?

Many people tend avoid the use sucralose when possible. Why might it be concerning that an artificial sugar look so much like the natural sugar? (Consider: hydrolysis is just simply the reverse reaction that is used to store glucose within glycogen)

List the ways that we evaluate (test methods) platelets in the lab. Just a simple list at this point.

11. Which of the following is NOT a non-covalent bond that gives form to proteins ?

(A) H-bond     (B) ionic bond (C) disulfide bridge      (D) van der Waals interactions

12. Which of the following would prevent transcription of the lactose operon?

(A) lactose       (B) allolactose (C) tryptophan             (D) glucose

13. Which of the following would prevent transcription of the tryptophan operon?

(A) lactose       (B) allolactose             (C) tryptophan             (D) glucose

1. Facilitated diffusion across a membrane requires_________.

a. an energy input, but not a transport protein

b. a transport protein, but not an energy input

c. both a transport protein and an energy input

d. neither an energy input nor a transport protein

2.

Active transport across a membrane requires_________.

a. neither an energy input nor a transport protein

b. an energy input, but not a transport protein

c. both a transport protein and an energy input

d. a transport protein, but not an energy input

3.

Which one of the following statements about living organisms is an implication of the Second Law of Thermodynamics?

a. Living things can convert chemical energy into mechanical energy.

b. Living things require an energy input to keep them from breaking down.

c. Living things can convert one form of chemical energy into another form of chemical energy.

d. Living things can convert light energy into chemical energy.

4.

Both prokaryotes and eukaryotes possess all of the following structures except_____.

a. chromosomes

b. ribosomes

c. a plasma membrane

d. an endoplasmic reticulum (ER)

5.

During the process of transcription_________.

a. RNA nucleotides are base paired with DNA nucleotides

b. DNA polymerase moves along the template strand

c. a ribosome moves along an RNA strand

d. the genetic code is read

6.

A wave of action potentials travels in a single direction down a neuron's axon primarily due to the

a. closing of voltage-gated K+ channels.

b. closing of voltage-gated Na+ channels.

c. inactivation of voltage-gated Na+ channels.

d. inactivation of voltage-gated K+ channels.

Match the following:

three nucleotide sequence

Building blocks of protein

Blood types

Translation

Genetic disease carrier

1. Ribosomes

2. Heterozygous

3. Co-dominant inheritance

4. Codon

5. Amino acids