Give some examples of how being rejected or ostracized hurts:​

What do we know about ostracism and the brain?​

Is being rejected similar to physical pain? How?

Genetic Development

Describe the process of X-inactivation. How does it occur and why is it necessary?

What is the concept of genomic equivalency?

a.) During heat sterilization, what is the decimal reduction time?

b.) Are TLR (toll-like receptors) part of the innate or adaptive response? Describe their function.

c.) Describe the Humoral Immune response and the overall outcome.

The Microscope:

You are a medical doctor specializing in blood diseases, especially malaria. Malaria is caused by a parasite that infects red blood cells. The easiest way to diagnose the presence of the malaria parasite is to create a blood smear and view it under the microscope.

Explain in detail some of the procedures you would have to follow to create a slide that is visible under a microscope that will help you to identify the parasite. E.g. what type of microscope would you use? How will you determine what the total magnification of the specimen under the microscope (explain using an example)?Which parts of the microscope will you use to focus the blood cells? How will you ensure that the blood smear is optimally lit (i.e. what part of the microscope will help with the illumination?). Once you are done, how will you clean the lenses? And how will you store the microscope (e.g. position of objective lenses). (to avoid losing unnecessary points, make sure you address every part of this question. Also this is a discussion question, make sure you write full sentences with proper grammar).

4. List five factors that affect the absorption rate of alcohol in the bloodstream.

Predator-Prey

You are a scientist that studies raccoon behavior and diet. Although raccoons are carnivores, they have a very diverse and opportunistic diet. As part of your research you are collecting scats (raccoon poop) from rural areas in the Shawnee National Forest, as well as urban areas (neighborhoods of Carbondale and Marion, Illinois). Explain in detail how you will use the raccoon scats to identify diet items of raccoons (include some of the techniques you will use). Do you expect a difference in diet items between rural and urban areas? Explain why or why not. Name some examples of food items you expect to find in raccoon scats for both rural and urban raccoons. What are some health considerations to keep in mind when studying and handling scats? (This is a discussion question. Please write full sentences with proper grammar. Take care to address every part of this discussion question)

4. You are given an animal whose development has never been characterized before. You note that at the four-cell stage, one blastomere transiently shows dark pigmentation. However, as embryogenesis proceeds, the dark pigmentation fades and you are unable to determine what becomes of the blastomere in the fully-developed embryo.

a) [4pts] Describe a simple experiment you can do to determine the fate of the dark blastomere. Provide sufficient detail to show that you understand the technique and its interpretation.

b) [5pts] For the animal described above, you find that the dark-pigmented blastomere at the four-cell stage ultimately gives rise to all of the central nervous system of the embryo. Using this information, devise an experiment to determine whether this cell is specified to be CNS at the 4-cell stage. In addition to describing the experimental procedure, describe the possible results and how you would interpret them.

c) [1pt] As this embryo undergoes gastrulation you notice that the ectodermal cells surround the endoderm similar to Xenopus. What is the name to describe the movement of these ectodermal cells?

1. 1a. If two solutions are _________ relative to each other, a concentration gradient would not exist.

1. hypertonic
2. hypotonic
3. isotonic
4. turgid

2. 1b. A pouch with a selectively permeable membrane containing a salt solution is immersed in a dish of freshwater. The membrane is impermeable to salt. Which way will the water move?
   1. The water moves out of the pot1ch.
   2. The water moves into the pouch.
   3. The water does not move at all.
   4. There is insufficient information to answer this question.

3. 1c.If ATP must be burned to transport a substance from an area of lower concentration to an area of higher concentration, the process of _________ has occurred.

1. simple diffusion
2. osmosis
3. facilitated diffusion
4. active transport

4. 1d. Double sugars are called

1. disaccharides
2. dipeptides
3. monosaccharides
4. polysaccharides

5. 1e. Which of these substances may increase blood glucose levels?

1. insulin
2. amylase
3. glucagon

d. pepsin

1f. An organic molecule most readily oxidized or burned by human bodies for quick energy is a

1. disaccharide
2. fatty acid
3. monosaccharide
4. triglyceride

Some of the most commonly used dyes for simple staining are methylene blue, basic fuchsine and crystal violet. All of these dyes work well on bacteria because:

Name the three ionotropic glutamate receptors in the brain. For each, identify the ions that move to create the depolarizing effects. What effects does the drug NBQX have on these receptors and on behavior?

Many of the vitamins and minerals are considered to be both essential and toxic, why is this?

1. How does each of your mutations affect the amino acid sequences? Are the mutations missense mutations, silent mutations or nonsense mutations?
   1. Point mutation?
   2. Frameshift-insertion?
   3. Frameshift-deletion

The non mutated Sequence:

1. AUG GAG GUC UUU AAG AGA CAU UUA GAU GUA GCC CUU AGU GAU GUU UAG

Point Mutation:

• AUG GAC GUC UUC AAG AGC CAU UUA GAA GUA GCC CUU AGU GAU GUC UAG
• Translation: Met Asp Val Phe Lys Ser His Leu Glu Val Ala Leu Ser Asp Val Stop.

Frameshift Insertion Mutation:

• AUG UGA GGU UUU UAA GUA GAC AUU UAG AUG UAG CCA CUU AGU GAU GUU UAG
• Translated: Met Stop Gly Leu Stop Val Asp Ila Stop Met Stop Pro Leu Ser Asp Val Stop

Frameshift Deletion Mutation:

• AUG GAG UUU AAG AGA UUA GAU GUA GCC CUU AGU GAU GUU UAG
• Translated: Met Glu Phe Lys Arg Leu Asp Val Ala Leu Ser Asp Val Stop

Most people who are infected with the HTLV-1 virus are asymptomatic carriers. One specific subtype of HTLV-I occurs only in a sub-population of the Japanese population and among the native peoples of the Andes mountain area of northern Chile. The researchers are looking for the presence of HTLV-1 DNA in the bone marrow cells of well-preserved Andean mummies. The presence of HTLV-1 DNA in the mummies, of the same subtype observed in Japan, would indicate that some of the first people to migrate to the New World came from Japan.

You identified the type of genome possessed by HTLV-1 in your previous answer. Explain how/why HTLV-1 DNA might be found in the bone marrow of the mummies. Be thorough and specific in your response.

Briefly describe one way in which behavioral biology aids in the reintroduction of captive-bred animals to wild habitats