Describe how tree rings form and how they can be used to address scientific questions. In your answer, be sure to address both parts of this question (how they form, how we use them) with specific supporting details.

What is a plant? Provide a thorough answer that clearly defines plants and highlights their synapomorphies. Define key terms in your own words. In your answer, also distinguish plants from their closest living relatives.

(17) Differences in phenotype are called variations. Which of the following types of variations occur?

(A) harmful (B) neutral

(C) helpful (D) all of the above

(24) An Organism's Phenotype refers to its:

(A) genetic composition (B) physical traits

(C) both genetic compositions or its physical traits (D) neither its genetic composition or its physical traits

(25) In Mendelian genetics,_____allele(s) determine the production of a particular physical trait (or characteristics).

(A) one (B) two

(C) three (D) four

10. Describe the following trends in flower evolution: petal pigmentation, organ fusion, bilateral symmetry, inflorescences.

Determine the correct answer and explain why it is correct. Identify why the other options are not correct.

1. One of the major roles of the TCA cycle is to generate reduced cofactors for ATP production from oxidative phosphorylation. The compound donating the net eight electrons to the cofactors is which one of the following?

1. Pyruvate
2. Acetyl-CoA
3. Lactate
4. Oxaloacetate
5. Phosphoenolpyruvate

Dichotomous key for common skin bacteria:
I. Cells arranged in tetrads, glucose not fermented (Micrococcus)
A. Colonies have yellow pigment M. luteus
B. Colonies have red or pink pigment M. roseus

II. Cells arranged in clusters, glucose is fermented (Staphylococcus)
A. Acid produced from mannitol
1. Coagulase-positive S. aureus
2. Coagulase-negative
a. Acid produced from trehalose S. saprophyticus
b. No acid from trehalose S. capitis

B. Acid not produced from mannitol
1. Acid produced from trehalose S. saprophyticus
2. No acid from trehalose S. epidermidis

Elsa completes the in-class lab experiment on skin bacteria by inoculating a phenol red glucose tube and a mannitol salt agar plate with her skin sample. After 24 hours of incubation at 37°C, she performs a Gram stain and phenol red trehalose test on a colony of bacteria from her MSA plate. (Note: the PR trehalose test is similar to the PR glucose test, only the carbohydrate is trehalose instead of glucose).

Elsa’s lab partner, Anna, completes a similar experiment, but with slightly different results. Her initial results point her to a different direction, so instead of completing the PR trehalose test, she completes the coagulase slide test

• Use the dichotomous key on page 41 again to interpret Anna’s results. What is the name of the organism growing on her skin?

4. Is it possible that one or both students have MRSA on their skin? Explain.

4. Numerous lines of evidence suggest that mitochondrial bioenergetics and signaling are required for tumorigenesis.

Does targeting mitochondrial metabolism represent a viable therapeutic strategy?

Discuss the evidence both for and against targeting mitochondrial metabolism for the treatment of cancer. (1/2 page max)

Please type, hand written answers are hard to read. Please address all parts of the question.

10. Which of the following would be the most detrimental mutation?

A. AGCTCTGAT -> ACCTCTGAT

B. AGCTCTGAT -> AGCTCTGATGAT

C. AGCTCTGAT -> ACCTCTGAA

D. AGCTCTGAT -> AGCTCGAT

How are pressure and volume related?

8. Which of the following describes the initiation of bacterial transcription

A. The small ribosomal subunit binds to the Shine-Dalgarno sequence

B. The sigma factor binds at the -10 location

C. Transcription begins at the +1 site which is always the start codon

D. RNA polymerase disassociates with the sigma factor as it begins adding nucleotides at the 3’ end

Describe the features of AP-1 members that make them unique amongst transcriptional activators

Describe how the activation of Gs protein receptors, tyrosine kinase receptors and ligand-gated calcium ion channels can lead to changes in c-fos gene transcription

6. Which colony of bacteria will reach have the most cells after 24 hours of growth?

A. A colony that Starts with 50 cells and has a doubling time of 120 minutes

B. A colony that Starts with 100 cells and has a doubling time of 3.5 hours

C. A colony that Starts with 10 cells and has a doubling time 7 hours

D. A colony that Starts with 25 cells and has a doubling time of 350 minutes

Why do organisms have hemoglobin & how is the Antarctic fish is able to survive without it?

Metabolism is essential to life and is the process by which cells make energy to carry out all of the processes required for them to survive. Metabolism requires that the organism transport substances from the environment into the cell to utilize in their metabolic pathways. Bacteria have a diverse array of potential metabolic processes to make energy. Given the information below (A. and B.), describe how the organisms would make ATP in the environment they are found. Make sure to discuss in detail each of the pathways, including the starting products, end products, components of the ETC (if applicable), how the cell makes ATP during this process, where in the cell each of these pathways occur and the transport mechanism(s) utilized to move the starting products from the environment into the cell.

A. An anaerobic organism that is only able to ferment lactose.

B. A facultative aerobic organism that is in an environment that lacks oxygen but is rich in

nitrate which can serve as a terminal electron acceptor

Describe the basic process to clone a cDNA vs. genomic library using PCR technique