Question

An example of a mutualistic nutritional (dietary) symbiosis is that between:

1. Streptomyces and the beewolf
2. Vibrio fischeri and the bobtail squid
3. Hogkinia and Cicadas
4. Burkholderia and Bean bugs
5. Salmonella and chickens

Which pathogen enters via a parenteral route?

1. Clostridium tetani
2. Salmonella typhi
3. Treponema pallidum
4. Plasmodium vivax

Answer 1

1. An example of a mutualistic nutritional (dietary) symbiosis is that between:

1. Streptomyces and the beewolf
2. Vibrio fischeri and the bobtail squid
3. Hogkinia and Cicadas
4. Burkholderia and Bean bugs
5. Salmonella and chickens

Ans:

Symbiosis is any type of close and long term interaction between two different biological organisms. It can be as mutual, commensal or parasite.

Mutual symbiosis means two organisms working for each other. one organism is beneficial for the other and vice-versa.

Mutual nutritional symbiosis means that the organisms involved is sharing nutrition and shelter for survival without harming each other.

In the given question. The example for Mutual nutritional symbiosis is

Hogkinia and Cicadas

Cicadas are species that survive abundantly even on a nutrient-poor diet. The reason behind this is that they get the necessary nutrients from few specialized species which survive inside the cells of cicadas.

These specialized species are two bacterias ( Hodgkinia cicadicola and Sulcia mulleri)

These bacteria produce essential nutrients necessary for the cicadas which they don't usually get from their diet.

2. Which pathogen enters via a parenteral route?

1. Clostridium tetani
2. Salmonella typhi
3. Treponema pallidum
4. Plasmodium vivax

Ans: Parenteral mode of disease transmission is a process of acquiring infectious agent into ones body through something other than gastrointestinal tract.

In the given examples all except salmonella typhi are transmitted through parenteral route