Metabolism is essential to life and is the process by which cells make energy to carry out all of the processes required for them to survive. Metabolism requires that the organism transport substances from the environment into the cell to utilize in their metabolic pathways. Bacteria have a diverse array of potential metabolic processes to make energy. Given the information below (A. and B.), describe how the organisms would make ATP in the environment they are found. Make sure to discuss in detail each of the pathways, including the starting products, end products, components of the ETC (if applicable), how the cell makes ATP during this process, where in the cell each of these pathways occur and the transport mechanism(s) utilized to move the starting products from the environment into the cell.

A. An anaerobic organism that is only able to ferment lactose.

B. A facultative aerobic organism that is in an environment that lacks oxygen but is rich in

nitrate which can serve as a terminal electron acceptor

Describe the basic process to clone a cDNA vs. genomic library using PCR technique

Describe how members of the CREB, CREB-like and AP1 families of transcription factors regulate gene transcription

Outline in detail how activation of PKA, MAPKs and CaMKII can lead to gene transcription through CREB

Explain how the genetic code is used to make protein.

For the reproductive system. The menstrual cycle is controlled by hormones of what gland? describe in 10-15sentences

Please, type the answer

Compare and contrast GPCR signaling and enzyme-coupled signaling. Focus on the general mechanism of these signaling pathways.

Why are mycobacteria (Mycobacterium)harder to control than other bacteria?

What makes an enzyme specific(what causes an enzyme to be specific)?

Compare and contrast neurotransmitter receptor-mediated effects on gene transcription with steroid receptor-mediated effects on gene transcription

1. what evolutionary advances do Cnidaria have over the sponges?

2. How easily can you distinguish between polyps and medusae? in solitary animals? in colonial animals?

3. what type of symmetry is evident? Do all members of the phylum show the same type of symmetry?

4. Are all the examples of the phylum easily recognized as belonging to the Cnidaria?

11. A researcher is interested in isolating an auxotrophic mutant in the laboratory that is unable to synthesize the amino acid histadine. Explain how this researcher would have to use negative selection to isolate and identify a histadine mutant.
    

An individual has the chromosomes below where the dot represents the centromere: NOP.QRSTU NRQ.POSTU If a crossover event occurs between the O and P loci, what is the shortest chromosome formed? Enter your answer with no spaces between the loci and use a period as the centromere.

Select one of the United Nations' (U.N.) Millennial Development Goals (MDGs). Visit the website and report on the UN's progress in achieving this goal? How will meeting this goal positively impact the health of the world? What suggestions would you make to help the UN achieve this goal?

11. Is the lac operon a repressible or an inducible operon? What happens in the absence of lactose? What happens in the presence of lactose? Is the trp operon a repressible or an inducible operon? What happens in the absence of tryptophan? What happens in the presence of tryptophan?

Please answer these question briefly. Dont have to write a lot. like 2-3 sentences or less as long as get answer the questions. Please answer all thanks

1) Aspects of protein translational regulation that are key for protein folding

2) Embryonic stem cells

     a)Derivation (from fertilized eggs that would be thrown away normally)

3) What is “Pluripotent” and what are some main criteria for pluripotency

4) What are applications of pluripotent cells?

5) What are some problems with pluripotent cells?

Phylum Porifera -what kind of body symmetry do they have - what are the unique structures (why are they in this phylum not another) -how do they get their food -where are they found -common examples