Question 9 [11 marks / 11 minutes]
This question is about regulation of expression of the trp operon by control of attenuation. Assume there are intermediate levels of tryptophan, such that TrpR (the repressor protein) is inactive.
a)Design a mutation within the 5’ UTR of the trp operon that would give the outcome below.Explain how your mutation would result in that outcome.
i.increased expression of the operon relative to wildtype[4 marks]
ii.decreased expression of the operon relative to wildtype[4 marks]
b)Predict and explain the effect of insertion of T-A basepairs immediately after region 3, such thaturacils are transcribed. Assume this insertion does not change the ability of regions 1, 2, 3 or 4to form stem-loop structures. [3 marks]

What is the science behind microarray methods and how it does work?

Please answer the following related to the concept of evolution:

A. What are three characteristics of the skeletons of vertebrate animals (such as a dog, cat, horse, or primate) that suggest they represent homologous structures? What is a homologous structure?

B. Why do the fossils of whales and their ancestors support the idea that whales evolved from a four-legged terrestrial vertebrate mammal?

Peter and Rosemary Grant's work on the Galapagos finches showed that

A) Darwin's postulate of inheritance can be proven with the discovery of genes

B) Darwin's postulate of fitness is not supported

C) Darwin's postulate of variation is not supported as each island contained only one type of finch

D) Darwin's postulate of struggle was demonstrated by a drought causing finch populations to plummet

How would eukaryotic genes that do not have operons ensure simultaneous expression of different genes?

This is for my assignment can you please explain in a simple way, and can you please advise me some readings about this so I can further read on it. Thank you so much.

Which of the following statements regarding voltage-gated sodium channels are TRUE? Choose all of the correct answers.

First, explain the disadvantage of using VOCs as defense signals and then list ways in which the VOCs might provide advantages that outweigh the disadvantages.

The PCR reaction will be carried out with the following cycle conditions: 95 degrees C for 45 seconds, 65 degrees C for 45 seconds, and 72 degrees C for 1 minute 45 seconds. Which of these three temperatures represents the annealing step?

72? degrees  

The minimal amount of time required for one of these steps varies depending upon the D1S80 allele that is being amplified. Which of these three temperatures represents this step?

____ degrees

After studying the textbook reading assignment, pick a specific organ or structure from the systems covered this week. Describe how its form supports its function. Discuss the relationship of form and function in general and suggest ways that particular organs or structures might be improved to better fit their functions. Tell us about the organ system that it is part of, and describe some specific ways that system interacts with at least one other organ system.

Family History Taking/Pedigree Construction Assignment


Mary Jones Fictitious Family History

Mary Jones, age 47, is presenting to the family practice office as a new patient due to a change in her insurance coverage. Her history is as follows; in the past she has had 2 normal screening mammograms (last one performed 14 months ago) and all past pap smears have been negative (the last one performed 13 months ago). She has had two full term pregnancies and one documented miscarriage. She is currently an administrator in a community hospital. She exercises regularly and has no chronic health conditions. She has been married for 13 years.

For this assignment you will need to construct Mary Jones’s family pedigree. In order to do this, you will first need to take a family history. Please provide a list of detailed questions you would ask Mary to construct her family pedigree. Once you have completed your questions you will then use the information below to construct the pedigree.

The following bulleted text contains information about Mary’s family members (you can choose / make up the ancestral backgrounds of the different family branches)

• Mary’s 1st child: Cathy Baker, age 31, healthy, has a son and daughter ages 10 and 4. Cathy lives out of state, infrequently communicates with her mother, was adopted and raised by her paternal grandparents. There is no information about Cathy's biological father's health other than he is alive as are his parents. Nothing else is known about his family history.

• Mary’s Twin son and daughter, age 8, o Son, Derrick - (twin A) has Down syndrome, is healthy (used to have problems with ear infections but this has resolved), no structural heart anomalies, wears glasses, is mainstreamed in 2nd grade classes with full time teacher aide, receives speech services in school o Daughter, Tammie - (twin B) healthy, in 2nd grade, good student

• Miscarriage was two years prior to delivery of the twins. The miscarriage occurred during the 1st trimester. Gender is unknown. No testing was performed on fetal tissue.

• Husband, David Jones, is 50 years old and healthy. He does not have children from previous relationships.

• Mary has no brothers or sisters.

• Her mother, Martha Stewart, is 70 years old, has insulin dependent diabetes, started taking insulin in early 50s, is obese, and on medications for high blood pressure o Her mother had 5 siblings - 2 are still living: Sister, Hannah, died at age 8 years from pneumonia Sister, Susan, died in her mid 70s from complications of diabetes. She had 1 son who is in his 50's, apparently healthy and he has 4 adult children - health status and number of offspring unknown Brother, Bill Junior, died at age 3 from pneumonia Living sister; Debbie, is in her late 60s, is also obese and takes insulin injections. She has 4 children: 3 boys and 1 girl - health status and number of children unknown Living brother; Mike, is in his early 60's, is on dialysis, is an alcoholic, has two sons - health status and number of children unknown (birth order: Hannah, Susan, Martha, Bill, Debbie, Mike)

• Her father, Bill Stewart, died last year at age 69, COD - liver failure, was also said to have an enlarged heart, rarely drank alcohol, was slender in build, was on medication for arthritis in the hips and knees. O Bill's only brother, David, is 67 years old, and has arthritis. He has one son who is healthy and he has 2 sons.

• Mary’s Maternal grandmother, died in her 60's due to female cancer
• Mary’s Maternal grandfather, died in his 60's, cirrhosis of the liver, was an alcoholic
• Mary’s Paternal grandmother died in her 80's, heart failure
• Mary’s Paternal grandfather, died in his late 50's, lung cancer, heavy smoker

I will rate it with thumbs up.
I need answers.

3. In mice, genes for albinism (a), chronic inflammation (i), and reduced sense of smell (r) are linked.  You initially crossed a mouse that is homozygous dominant for all three traits with a mouse that is homozygous recessive for all three traits.  You then crossed several of the resulting F₁ offspring to mice that are homozygous recessive for all three traits.  You observe the following phenotypes in the offspring:

a. (3 points) Diagram a map between these three genes and calculate the map distances between the genes.

b. (3 points) Calculate the coefficient of coincidence and the interference values for double crossovers amongst these genes.

c. (2 points) Using the interference value calculated in part (b), how many double recombinant F₂ progeny will you observe if you continue to breed your F₁ mice until you have 200 total offspring?

d. (2 points) If a fourth gene (z) exhibits 50% recombination with gene i, 36% recombination with gene a and 50% recombination with gene r, is this gene on the same chromosome or a separate chromosome?  If gene z is on the same chromosome as the other three genes, indicate its location by copying and modifying your genetic map from part (a).

Please for part c and d explain it with detail because i have more problem with part c and d , thank you

I got to the part in bold and I have no idea where to go from here.

Step 1:Find the pair with the smallest distance.

Step 2:Join them in one group and draw those branches.

Step 3:Compute average distance between this group and all other taxa one-by-one and create new table with those values.

Step 4:Repeat Steps 1 to 3 using the new distance matrix.

Based on above data, find the first two characters with the shortest distance and draw those branches with the respective distances on the branches below according to the example given in class or online. This should be your first two branch tips.

C and D is the pair with the shortest distance as it is 2 units. A sub tree will be drawn with the branch point half way between the two given units. Each branch is 1 unit as this is 2 units divided equally and each point is 1 unit away from the center node.

Recalculate distances based on the combination of the last characters. This first table has been partially filled out for you. Determine and enter the missing values. (You need not fill out the boxes above the dashes as they are mirror values to the below-dash values.)

Draw the next branch pair based on the shortest distance of your newly determined values and label each branch with its length and each tip with its character.

Recalculate new distances using the below table.

Draw new branches.

Recalculate distances.

Draw new branches.

Recalculate Distances.

Draw new branches.

Summarize the general approach for identification of your unknowns in one or few phrases.

a) Explain the polarity of monomers of microtubules? What it results from?
b) Although it is not possible to distinguish the polarity of intermediate filaments. Explain why