Do the rat and humans have similar anatomy? if so why? When did the first mammals appear? how did they evolve? What characteristics do mammals share? What is your conclusion in connection of rats to humans?

life history decisions have no impact on the fitness of an organism

Differentiate between African sleeping sickness and Chagas disease—vector, symptoms, geographic area affected, what type of patient sample would be needed to diagnose this infection?

Question 9 (4 pts) The genetic term “loss of function” is used to describe any mutation in the DNA that leads to a particular protein that cannot function. There are many reasons why a protein may not be functioning any longer…digging into your knowledge on mechanism of gene expression and gene expression regulation, describe a mutation that could lead to a loss of function mutation. Where is the mutation in the gene? What function of gene expression or gene expression regulation is it affecting? How is it leading to a loss of function for the protein encoded for within that gene? But I’m going to restrict your answer…describe a mechanism that DOES NOT include a point mutation leading to missense, nonsense or frameshift – in other words, choose a mutation/mechanism other than a mutation that leads to a change in the protein coding region of a mature mRNA. I want you to think outside of that particular box.

1. An inflammatory response is vital to eliminating an infectious agent. Fully describe inflammation, addressing each of the following in the description.
   1. Complete description of the inflammatory response (be specific)
   2. Methods (more than one) of the initiation of inflammation
   3. At least 3 aspects of the immune response that are enhanced by inflammation and how they are enhanced

1.) a.In eudicots, stomates are usually found only on the bottom of leaves. In what environment would you expect to find stomata only on the top of leaves.

b. Some plants close their stomata in the day and only open them at night. In what environment is this most likely to occur?

c. In the photometer, does the water have positive or negative pressure potential?

Sally is blood type AB positive and her mother was type A- and father type B+.  

Vikram is blood type B-, and his father was type B+ and mother type O -.

A) What is Sally's genotype:

B) What's Vikram's genotype:

C) The genotypes and blood types (phenotypes) possible in their children.

• If a circular plasmid is cut one with a restriction enzyme what is the result?

• how do we determine how many times a restriction enzyme cut.

1. Only a portion of the duration of a single twitch includes increasing tension within a muscle fiber.
   1. What are the three main phases/periods of a muscle contraction?
   2. During which portion(s) (name the period) of a twitch is tension NOT increasing. Clearly explain why in each case.

c. What are all the steps involved in a single twitch that happen during this period without tension?

Reflect on your personal experiences and environment. List 3 ways in which you may have been exposed to common endocrine disrupting compounds (EDC). Can you imagine changes to either your personal habits and/or community policies that could help protect you and others from continued EDC exposure? Propose your changes here

Describe how methylation occurs on newly replicated DNA

Congenital defects in glycogen metabolism can have serious negative effects on human health. Below are several examples taken from box 15.4 in the text. For each example, state how glucose glycogen metabolism is likely altered from an inherited mutation to the stated enzyme (assume these mutations cause the enzymes to lose their normal function).

1. The “Type 0” glycogen storage disease (liver) is caused by glycogen synthase (GYS). Symptoms include low blood glucose, high ketone bodies, early death.
2. The “Type Ia (Von Gierke)” glycogen storage disease (liver) is caused by Glucose 6-phosphatase. Symptoms include enlarged liver and kidney failure.
3. The “Type VII (Tarui)” glycogen storage disease (muscle) is caused by PFK-1. Symptoms include muscle exercise cramps.

Please answer with explanation. Thank you!

determine the distances between the genes, coefficient of coincidence, and interference. Show all calculations. (create pairs eg wfm and +++ are a parental pair)

A mother has blood type AB and a father has blood type O and they have a child together. What is the probability that their child will have O blood type like the father? 8. If blood is needed to be given to the mother and AB blood type is not available, what other blood types can the mother receive (not considering Rh factor)? Explain your answer. Explain why a person with AO genotype has the same phenotype (blood type A) as a person with AA genotype.