Describe the developmental origin of the adrenal glands. For the steroid hormones cortisol and aldosterone, explain how synthesis of the hormones are regulated in the adult. What would be the consequences of a sudden failure of adrenocortical function and over production of hormones? (500words)

Discuss the Extinction Risks for Coral Reefs as a result of Coral Bleaching.
Coral reef ecosystems around the globe are threatened by human interferences and climate
change. This has led to many scientists conducting studies on global coral reef ecosystems to gain
a better understanding of the cause and effects of coral reef damage.

We will take four opportunities to engage in discussion on the selective topic such as :origins,human impacts, biodiversity, environmental factors and algal diversity . You will identify the significant that associates the topic and overall invertebrates.

Key connections:
Climate change; global warming, symbioses, diversity Important, human impact, and coral reef conservation.

Important Questions:
Can it be reversed? Or can coral habitats be restored?
Examples of resources: Primary literature information.

Explain how left-right asymmetry is established in the mammalian
embryo, including cellular and molecular detail in your answer. What are cilia and what patterning defects might you expect in embryos that fail to form cilia?(500words)

The three forms of open neural tube defect are anencephaly,
craniorachischisis and spina bifida. Explain the embryological origin of
these disorders, with reference to the morphological events that occur
during normal mammalian neural tube closure. In your answer describe
what is known of the causes of these disorders, at the cellular and
molecular level? (500words)

1. A. What is parthenogenesis? How does this seems to occur in birds? What is the main barrier to this happen in mammals? How could parthenogenesis be engineered in mammals?

B. What would be needed to regrow a human limb in the lab to later be transplanted on an amputee?

This is a three part question:

a) What are some major differences between making transgenic mice by microinjection and creating knockout mice by homologous recombination (before the advent of CRISPR/Cas9 technology)?

b) Explain how negative and positive selection work when creating a knockout mouse. Why are both types of selection useful?

c) Why is the creation of knockout mice so much easier when using CRISPR/Cas 9 genome editing?

In Covid-19 disease, what is the role of interferon and the adaptive immune response?

What is the split gal4 system? Why is it needed to label some cell types? Describe an experiment that combines split gal4 with scRNA-seq to precisely define cell identities in the drosophila brain. Describe the protocol of the experiment in detail

What process does plant go from the haploid generation to the diploid generation?

What are the four classes of biologically important macromolecules and explain how they contribute to cell structure and function

What are the similarities and differences between the acquisition of language in human infants and the evolution of language in the human species? Answer this question in terms of Tomasello’s theory.

Describe how transactional behaviors and co-activators work including the zinc fingers and leucine zippers

What are some of the opportunities and challenges to life on land? What were some of the first colonizers? How did this process occur?

What are some of the groups (classes of Vertebrates) and what are significant characteristics?