One very diverse group of eukaryotic microbes are protozoa. All protozoa are eukaryotic, unicellular and lack cell walls. Many protozoan are chemoheterotrophs, getting energy and carbon from other organsims. Two groups of protozoans that are photosynthetic are dinoflagellates and euglenoids. Protozoans are divided into six groups: Parabasalids have a Golgi like organelles, a parabasl body, and lack mitochondria. Examples: are 1. Trichonympha which live in the guts of termites and digest cellulose into glucose. 2. Trichomonas which lives in the acidic environment of the human vagina, if the pH is increased, it can proliferate and cause inflammation which might lead to sterility. Diplomonadida lack mitochondria and have two rudimentary mitochondria called mitosomes, two equal size nuclei and multiple flagella. An example of this type of protozoan found in well water or lake water if Giardia, the ingestion of cysts leads to a GI infection characterized by flatulence and diarrhea. This protozon looks owl like in a light microscope because of the two nuclei. Euglenoza Euglenids:lack cell walls, have flagella, are chemoheterotrophic phagocytes in the dark, and have several features unique to euglenids. For one they store energy in a polysaccharide paramylon. They may move by a squirming motion called euglenoid movement. They have a protein pellicle under thier plasma membrane to give the cell shape. Most have a "red eyespot" that helps with phototaxis. Kinetoplastids have a single large mitochondria that contain a kinetoplast Two notable pathogens in this group are Trypanosoma and Leishmania. Alveolates have small membrane bound cavities beneath the plasma membrane called alveoli. In addition, alveolates have tubular mitochondria cristae. There are three subgroups. Ciliates have cilia for motility or to move water past the cell surface. Ciliates are chemoheterotrophic and have two nuclei. The only pathogenic ciliate is Balantidium. Paramecium is a well known pond dweller used to study regeneration. Apicomplexans are chemoheterotrophic animal pathogens. They contain apices which are organelles that contain enzymes that allow the protozoan to penetrate host cells. Three examples of apicomplexans are Plasmodium, cryptosporidium and Toxoplasma.

12. According to CDC toxoplasmosis is a neglected parasitic disease. Cats play an significant role in transmitting the protozoan because cats become infected by eating infected rodents or birds. An infected kitten may shed as many as a million cysts in thier feces for up to 3 weeks after infection. Humans may become infected by changing cat litter boxes or gardening without gloves. Suggest at least two ways a person may prevent infection based on this information. You may also visit the CDC websitehttps://www.cdc.gov/parasites/toxoplasmosis/gen_info/pregnant.html (Links to an external site.)Links to an external site..

Bateman’s Principle is based on the concept of Anisogamy. Explain Bateman’s Principle and Anisogamy and explain how this relates to Sexual Selection. Does Bateman’s Principle predict that animals should exhibit a Polygamous Mating System? And, if so, why does Monogamy exist?

“Nothing in Biology makes sense except in the light of evolution”. At the core of all biology is Darwin’s Theory of Natural Selection. Explain this theory (in detail), in relation to behavior.

Animals belonging to Acoela are protostomes with one body opening

True

False

answer the following questions regarding quorum sensing.

1) Definition in case of bacterial cells

2) Its role in formation of biofilm and its significance in environmental engineering bioprocesses

3) What kind of signaling molecule of aerobic bacteria can you use to control the biofilms in an environmental engineering system and describe its control mechanism.

How can I quantify visual cortex development of blind rats and normal rats?

What variable do I have to measure for that and by which stain method?

Homeostasis is the process of maintaining a constant internal environment. However average body weight has been increasing worldwide, seemingly in contrast to the concept of homeostasis. Address the following issues using the textbook and optional outside sources (include citations). Opinions need to be supported by scientific facts.

1. What is the evidence that genetic factors influence body weight? What is the evidence that environmental factors contribute to body weight?
2. What are the benefits and risks of higher body weights?
3. What might account for the increase in body weight in the modern world?
4. What is a healthy body weight? How might it be maintained? Justify your answer.

What happens to the concentration of H⁺ in the intermembrane space and the matrix as electrons move down the ETC?

1

Variation in what part of the pathway would affect the production of each of the melanin pigments? Describe the consequences of mutations in different parts of the pathway and its effects on the two melanin pigments.

2

Propose a mechanism by which the C-T nucleotide change in TYRP1 gene may have caused the blond hair trait.

3

Using the Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium:
a. What are the observed genotype frequencies in the Solomon Islands?
b. Calculate the blond hair allele frequency and the dark hair frequency in the Solomon Islands and worldwide.

c. If we assume that the population follows Hardy-Weinberg assumptions, what is the expected frequency of heterozygous carriers in both populations?

4

How do you think the gene for blond hair was introduced to the islands?

What might be a possible evolutionary explanation for the parasitic life-style seen in many lampreys considering they are agnaths?

1

We see an enormous diversity of eyes in Kingdom Animalia. Until recently it was postulated that eyes must have evolved at least 40 times independently. Explain how the discovery of Pax6 (and its homologs such as eyeless ) has overturned this idea in favor of genes for eye development being present in an ancestor to all bilateral organisms.

2

Using the mouse Pax6 gene as a baseline, determine the similarity of the homologous genes from the unknown species.

For each unknown species, determine the number of nucleotides that are different from the nucleotides found in the mouse sequence. There are 60 nucleotides in each sequence. To determine the percent similarity, subtract the number of different nucleotides from 60, divide the result by 60, and multiply by 100.

Can you think of any reasons why might your genotype not match your Phenotype on a taste test PCR?

Digitalis affects what protein?

A) potassium ion channels

b)ligand gated channels

c)sodium/potassium ATPase

d)calcium ATPase

e)sodium ion channels

What are structural differences between M1 pyruvate Kinase and Haemoglobin?