A grad student has a culture of E. coli with a total volume of 600 mL, and OD reading at 550 nm of 1.7. He makes serial dilutions of the culture, starting with a transfer of 1 mL culture into 9 mL tryptone broth. Next, he transfers 0.1 mL of this dilution into 0.9 mL tryptone broth, and repeats this two more times to make a total of 4 serial dilutions. He then pipets 200 uL from the fourth dilution on an agar plate, spreads it over the surface, and puts the plate in an incubator to grow overnight. The next day, he counts 152 cfus (colony forming units) on the plate.

How many viable cells are present in the 600 mL starting culture?

Answer is 4,560,000,000 but need to show work.

A significant component of breeding experimentation directly or indirectly involves anatomical characters. Please explain. This question is for a botany module, specifically plant anatomy, structure and function so the answer needs to pertain to that please :)

1. List and explain one beneficial effect and one detrimental effect of bacteria.

What is the level or goal for setting exposures for non-cancer risks involved with POLLUTION? How is it characterized for non-cancer AND cancer risks?

General Biology 1 lab report Kingdom Animalia

Please make sure to answer those questions cause they are connected to each other and I cannot separate them. Please I paid extra for those questions make sure please answer all of those. Please use well handwritten to understand.

Phylum Nematoda

1. What kind of body symmetry do they have?

2. What are the unique structures? (Why are they in this phylum and not another?)

3. How do they get their food?

4. How do they reproduce?

5. Where are they found?

6. Common examples:

Phylum Mollusca

1. What kind of body symmetry do they have?

2. What are the unique structures? (Why are they in this phylum and not another?)

3. How do they get their food?

4. How do they reproduce?

5. Where are they found?

6. Common examples:

Phylum Annelida

1. What kind of body symmetry do they have?

2. What are the unique structures? (Why are they in this phylum and not another?)

3. How do they get their food?

4. How do they reproduce?

5. Where are they found?

6. Common examples:

Phylum Arthropoda

1. What kind of body symmetry do they have?

2. What are the unique structures? (Why are they in this phylum and not another?)

3. How do they get their food?

4. How do they reproduce?

5. Where are they found?

6. Common examples:

170 EXERCISE 12 Kingdom Animalia

Phylum Echinodermata

1. What kind of body symmetry do they have?

2. What are the unique structures? (Why are they in this phylum and not another?)

3. How do they get their food?

4. How do they reproduce?

5. Where are they found?

6. Common examples:

Phylum Chordata

1. What are the four characteristics of chordates?

1. What is the Theory of Spontaneous Generation? How did Louis Pasteur disprove this theory? What did his observations provide the basis for, and how has this impacted microbiology?
   

Questions 6: Gene Expression Regulation (9 pts) Heart defects from genetically inherited mutations affect about 1-2% of children and cause a significant number of stillbirths. They can also lead to heart disease in adults. Many genetically inherited heart defects are due to mutations in genes for transcription factors that control expression of genes that are required for normal heart development. For example, over 30 different mutations have been found in the gene for transcription factor Tbx5 in patients with genetically inherited heart defects. To carry out its functions, Tbx5 must bind to another transcription factor called Nkx2-5, which also plays a role in heart development and is mutated in many individuals with genetically inherited heart defects. Imagine that you can isolate developing cardiac cells with a Tbx5 mutation and study the molecular defects caused by the mutations. In each of the questions I though III, please circle the correct multiple-choice answer and explain your reasoning - include an explanation for why your choice is correct AND a brief sentence or two explaining why the other choices are incorrect.

I) In one mutant, you observe that the full-length “mature” Tbx5 mRNA is present at its usual levels, but rather than full-length Tbx5 protein being detected, a shorter version of it is detected. What kind of mutation most likely accounts for this phenotype?

A. A mutation that blocks binding of Tbx5 to Nkx2-5

B. A mutation that causes a splicing defect

C. A mutation that disrupts the normal folding of Tbx5

D. A mutation that introduces a premature stop codon

II) In another mutant cell line, you find that full-length Tbx5 mRNA and protein are present at normal levels, yet individuals carrying this mutation have severe defects in heart development. What kind of mutation could cause this phenotype?

A. A mutation that blocks association of the Tbx5 mRNA with the ribosome

B. A mutation that blocks export of the Tbx5 mRNA from the nucleus

C. A mutation that causes a splicing defect

D. A mutation that disrupts binding of Tbx5 with Nkx2-5

III) Which one of the following is a plausible mechanism by which Tbx5 could control initiation of transcription?

A. Activation of polyA tail addition

B. Recruitment of RNA polymerase to promoters

C. Recruitment of splicing factors to RNA polymerase

D. Regulation of 5’ cap formation

Do the rat and humans have similar anatomy? if so why? When did the first mammals appear? how did they evolve? What characteristics do mammals share? What is your conclusion in connection of rats to humans?

life history decisions have no impact on the fitness of an organism

Differentiate between African sleeping sickness and Chagas disease—vector, symptoms, geographic area affected, what type of patient sample would be needed to diagnose this infection?

Question 9 (4 pts) The genetic term “loss of function” is used to describe any mutation in the DNA that leads to a particular protein that cannot function. There are many reasons why a protein may not be functioning any longer…digging into your knowledge on mechanism of gene expression and gene expression regulation, describe a mutation that could lead to a loss of function mutation. Where is the mutation in the gene? What function of gene expression or gene expression regulation is it affecting? How is it leading to a loss of function for the protein encoded for within that gene? But I’m going to restrict your answer…describe a mechanism that DOES NOT include a point mutation leading to missense, nonsense or frameshift – in other words, choose a mutation/mechanism other than a mutation that leads to a change in the protein coding region of a mature mRNA. I want you to think outside of that particular box.

1. An inflammatory response is vital to eliminating an infectious agent. Fully describe inflammation, addressing each of the following in the description.
   1. Complete description of the inflammatory response (be specific)
   2. Methods (more than one) of the initiation of inflammation
   3. At least 3 aspects of the immune response that are enhanced by inflammation and how they are enhanced

1.) a.In eudicots, stomates are usually found only on the bottom of leaves. In what environment would you expect to find stomata only on the top of leaves.

b. Some plants close their stomata in the day and only open them at night. In what environment is this most likely to occur?

c. In the photometer, does the water have positive or negative pressure potential?

Sally is blood type AB positive and her mother was type A- and father type B+.  

Vikram is blood type B-, and his father was type B+ and mother type O -.

A) What is Sally's genotype:

B) What's Vikram's genotype:

C) The genotypes and blood types (phenotypes) possible in their children.

• If a circular plasmid is cut one with a restriction enzyme what is the result?

• how do we determine how many times a restriction enzyme cut.