Keeping in mind the relationship between structure and function, discuss the potential uses of artificial cells and/or cell like materials and whether you consider them to be a good substitute for the natural versions.

You will need to search the internet for your own examples, please cite sources.

How and where do many DNA viruses such as SV40 replicate in the host cell?

Primary sequence of Papain- like protease of Covid-19

QUESTION 12

1. What stops or slows down an unprepared cell?

What is the difference between bacteria, virus and fungi? plz use table to summary.

When can a mutation in only one of the alleles for a locus in a diploid cell have devastating effects for that cell ?

Group of answer choices

When the mutation affects a haploinsufficient locus

When it causes a synonymous mutation in the protein region of a gene

When it completely abolishes the expression of the mutated allele

When it causes a nonsense mutation downstream of the stop codon of a protein-coding gene

When it affects the coding sequence of a gene that is not normally expressed in a that cell

Given what we know about the relationship between genes, chromosomes, and DNA, why can more than one allele of a gene be present in an indívidual?

Group of answer choices

Because recessive alleles need to be in the presence of another recessive to show their phenotype

This cannot happen; there can be many alleles for a gene, but most organisms will carry only one of them

Most eukaryotic organisms have at least 2 sets of homologous chromosomes

Due to blending inheritance, organisms will combine alleles that they inherit from their parents

1.

Mendel's Law of Segregation says this:

Select one:

alleles are always paired

alleles separate during gamete formation

alleles that are dominant get into gametes more often

alleles that are recessive get into gametes more often

alleles stay together during gamete formation

2.

The use of the garden pea by Mendel was important because it has this ability.

Select one:

to produce only one color

to have a few traits to focus on

have several flower colors on one plant

to self fertilize

only reproduce with another, separate plant

3.

A test cross is used to:

Select one:

determine an unknown genotype using a homozygous recessive individual

determine if there are any alleles

determine if there are more than 2 pairs of alleles

determine an unknown genotype using a homozygous dominant individual

determine if there are 3 or more pairs of alleles

These relate to the Lotka-Volterra equations we discussed for competition and for predation. You may have to use web resources for some questions.

For two competing species, use what you know about Lotka-Volterra models to sketch and describe the outcomes for each of the following scenarios:

What would be the ultimate outcome for both competitors in each of the following sets of conditions? (15 points total).

12. K1 = 200, K2 = 100, alpha = 1.5, beta = 2

Species 1 will win the competition.

13. K1 = 100, K2 = 200, alpha = 1.5, beta = 2

Species 2 will win the competition.

14. K1 = 200, K2 = 100, alpha = 2.5, beta = 1.5

Both species have greater competition with each other, so there is UNSTABLE coexistence.

Remember, I used β (beta) but your book uses alpha (α1,2 and α2,1). It’s just two ways of saying the same thing.

Let’s take it up a notch. Consider the following scenario: For many years, the population size of Species 1 has consistently hovered around 100 individuals/km2 while Species 2’s population size has been approximately 50 individuals. Species 1 uses resources at one-quarter the rate of Species 2. Use the information to answer the following questions. You’ll need your critical thinking skills!

Given the information available, sketch the Lotka-Volterra isocline diagram that best represents the scenario above. Don’t forget to label your graph. Are the populations of each species likely to be stable or unstable? (5 points)

Now imagine a case where the values above are the carrying capacities, not the population sizes. For simplicity’s sake, assume that resource use is the only factor that determines competition coefficients (alpha and beta). Sketch the isocline diagram that describes this new scenario. Which species should win? (5 points)

BONUS (3 points) What would be the population sizes of each species in the absence of their competitor? In other words, if I removed individuals of Species 1, how many individuals of Species 2 could there be? Likewise, if I removed individuals of Species 2, How would Species 1’s population grow? (Hint: it might be helpful to first consider the effect of removing a single individual).

Explain how the two figures below relate to one another in terms of predator-prey relationships? Label the axis and put in any missing directional arrows (5 points)

What is the difference between positive and negative feedback?

What is the difference between an endergonic and exergonic reaction?

What's needed to go on to kreb cycle, what's need to go into electron transport chain?

What are the end products and amount for glycolysis, krebs cycle and electron transport chain?

(in detail- thanks)

Question 56 (1 point)

To measure T cell function, we perform

Question 56 options:

Question 57 (1 point)

Lack of tonsils as an indicator of the lack of B cells is seen in baby boys with which of the following immunodeficiencies?

Question 57 options:

Question 58 (1 point)

____________ infections suggest defects in antibody production, ____________ infections suggest defects in T cell function, and both types of infections suggest ________________.

Question 58 options:

Question 59 (1 point)

Acquired immunodeficiencies can be the result of

Question 59 options:

Question 60 (1 point)

To diagnose an immunodeficiency of

Question 60 options:

Question 36 (1 point)

Antibody-mediated destruction of the acetylcholine receptor at the postsynaptic membrane of the neuromuscular junction occurs in which of the following diseases?

Question 36 options:

Question 37 (1 point)

IgA autoantibodies against gliadin, tissue transglutaminase, and endomysium are found in patients with the following disease.

Question 37 options:

Question 38 (1 point)

How should a patient with Hashimoto's disease be treated?

Question 38 options:

Question 39 (1 point)

How would you determine a diagnosis of celiac disease?

Question 39 options:

Question 40 (1 point)

Antibodies found in type 1 insulin-dependent diabetes include

Question 40 options:

How does the immune system stop itself after the pathogen is cleared?

How are B and T cells made?

How does the immune system allow helpful commensal bacteria to survive but not potentially pathogenic bacteria in the mucosal tissues?

How do the parts of the immune system communicate with each other?

8. A circular plasmid of 6200 base pairs (bp) with three restriction enzyme sites at 900, 1300, and 4000 bp. You digest this plasmid, then run the digest on a gel. What are the expected DNA fragment sizes?

9. A linear plasmid of 6200 base pairs (bp) with three restriction enzyme sites at 900, 1300, and 4000 bp. You digest this plasmid, then run the digest on a gel. What are the expected DNA fragment sizes?

10. In a random sequence consisting of equal proportions of all four nucleotides, what is the average distance between restriction enzymes for a restriction enzyme with a 4-base cleavage site (hint- look for a similar problem in your book).

Link the genetic characteristics to the DNA structure and also list and describe Mendel's principles and describe how each contribute to genetic variability. How might biology have be different if his discoveries had not been lost for decades? Be prepared to discuss the significance of Mendel's discoveries to moder biology.