DNA EXTRACTION & PURITY PROTOCOL

1. Add a small piece of peeled banana (2-3 cm) and 12mL extraction buffer (NaCl & Sodium Citrate) into the beaker. This buffer contains salts necessary for the precipitation of the DNA. The ions in the solution make it more polar facilitating the dissolving of the DNA.
2. Add 3mL detergent into the beaker. This will break open the cells and dissolve the DNA. Detergent breaks up the lipids of the plasma and nuclear membranes

Questions:

a. Why does a more polar solution make DNA more likely to dissolve?

b. How does detergent break up lipids in a membrane?

Imagine you identified what you believe to be a new, previously-unidentified spe- cies of bacterium. You therefore cultured the bacterium in the lab, purified RNA from the bacteria, made cDNA from the RNA, and obtained its sequence. What next step would you take to confirm whether this is, indeed, a novel species?

describe the components of endomembrane system:nuclear envelope,endoplasmic reticulum,golgi appartaus,lysosomes,vacuoles,plasma membrane with their functions and structure

2-3 sentences each,in your own words please

not copy-paste from the internet

From the bloodstream, siRNA will undergo initial distribution through a circulatory system in a few minutes. siRNA undergoes certain pathways to get eliminated from blood. It will get accumulated in the liver and through renal filtration and finally it will be excluded through urine. Many delivery systems blocks the passage of siRNA through kidneys by enfolding in to larger particles of size 20 nm17. Glomerular basement membrane (GBM) is the main component of renal filtration barrier. GBM causes disassembly of catatonic cyclodextrin containing polymer based siRNA nanoparticles, thereby facilitating rapid elimination of siRNA from circulation. siRNA generally assembled by electrostatic interactions between catatonic delivery components but that will be disturbed by GBM ( when siRNA binds with negativity charged GBM) since siRNA normally accumulate in GBM.

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Why are these materials typically used ?? Please answer for both materials please.

1.Reagent kit for Probe Labeling

2.Oligonucleotides for PCR amplification

In alpine and tundra habitats, plants have to cope with severe environmental conditions (cold and wind) during winter. In the summer, they produce extreme floral displays in order to attract pollinators, since the summers are short and the reproductive window is small. Discuss these strategies from the point of view of Grime’s C-S-R model.

Ear lobes: detached ear lobes (dominant): 62, attached ear lobes (recessive): 38.

Draw Punnett Square:                                 Assume the population is in Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium

                                                                        Calculate the allele frequencies:        p =          , q =

                                                                        Expected frequency of EE:

                                                                                                              Ee:

                                                                                                              ee:

List 5 molecules and cell types that are shared and interconnect the Innate defenses of the body with the Acquired/Adaptive Immunity pathways. Define the defensive functions of each shared component and explain how they connect the immune and innate pathways.

Compare and contrast 5 differences between the humoral and cell-mediated responses of the Acquired Immune System to pathogen invasion. What cells and protein/chemical factors are involved in each during a successful response? How is long-term immunity produced? What cells and chemical factors are involved in both responses?

Discuss evolutionary factors that led to the emergence of PEPcarboxylase. (Mention C4 and CAM plants)

Compare and contrast 10 structural and genetic characteristics that distinguish between “Prokaryotic” and Eukaryotic cells. Be sure to define/describe the significance of the characteristics that you mention.

Lys residues stabilize the ?-helical conformation when they are the carboxyl end more than when they are at the amino end. (a) Briefly explain why, using chemical structure(s) to illustrate your reasoning. (b) How might helices be expected to grow in poly(Lys) molecules?

Compare in detail 2 microbial diseases of each of the following organ systems: skin, nervous system, and blood/lymphatic systems. How does a successful pathogen gain entry, invade host tissues (if applicable), and damage the host? What host defenses and medical treatments are a patient’s best hopes? Are disease symptoms caused by growth of the pathogen within the host, or by virulence factors (eg: toxins) released by the microbe, or both?

1.Describe how parasites may exert negative frequency dependent selection on their hosts.

2. Discuss how evolution of two focal species is expected to differ under Müllerian mimicry vs. Batesian mimicry.