Under what conditions are generalization favored overspecialization and vice versa. Explain why those conditions lead to specialization or generalization. For each of the animals below, tell me the ways they are likely to avoid predation of themselves or their offspring (tactics that may be employed to deter predators, camouflage techniques, behavioral techniques/postures, etc.).  There can be multiple answers per species. You’ll have to use your web skills to look these up! Put some thought into it!

• Northern Elephant Seal (Mirounga angustirostris)

• Broccoli (Brassica oleracea var. Italica)

• Blue-ringed octopus (Hapalochlaena spp.)

• Killdeer (Charadrius vociferus)

• Five-lined skink (Plestiodon faciatus)

Differences between Translation and transcription

Purpose

Definition (scientific and in your own words so a 6th grader would understand it)

Products

Location

Initiation

Termination

Elongation

Inhibitions (antibiotics)

A mutation in the liver enzyme PFK-2/FBPase-2 results in the loss of cAMP-dependent kinase phosphorylation site, thus resulting in a loss of responsiveness to cAMP-dependent kinase. What are the effects of this mutation on blood glucose levels during times of fasting? Please explain your answer.

Explain in detail how two-component systems detect an environmental signal and mediate a change in transcription in response to the signal. Your answer should include all essential domains and residues.

Which of the following statements regarding flagella are true?

Select one or more:

a. Some microbes contain internal flagella

b. Some microbes contain external flagella

c. All flagella spin in a circular fashion

d. Some microbes contain perpendicular flagella

e. Bacterial flagella consist of multiple parts

59. If "O" is the gene for the color of a carrot, and "OO" is the written form of the genotype, what is the genotype? a. orange b. heterozygous dominant c. homozygous recessive d. homozygous dominant e. heterozygous recessive

When you pour salt on a snail or slug, they begin to shrivel up and die while excreting a bubbly mucus around themselves, what process best describes what is happening to the snail? a. Osmosis b. Endocytosis c. Passive Facilitated Diffusion d. Passive Simple Diffusion e. Active Transport

What attracts or directs the synthesis enzyme to the template in Transcription? a. Promoter b. 5'-cap c. Poly-A Tail d. Start Codon e. Primer

Thinking of the various molecules that make up a biological membrane, the nature of which molecule specifically provides membranes with its unique structure (the bilipid layer)? a. proteins b. phospholipids c. carbohydrates d. cholesterol e. cellulose

70. Why is the cytoskeleton and ribosomes characterized as cellular structures rather than organelles? a. they lack a cell wall b. they lack a nucleus c. they lack a biological membrane d. they are characterized as vacuoles, not structures e. they lack nucleotides

73. Which of the following is NOT a function of cellular membranes? a. regulate transport of a solute b. localize function c. define compartments d. mediate cell-to-cell communication e. locomotion

1. Following information is from the instruction of Q5 DNA polymerase: One unit of enzyme will incorporate 10 nmol of dNTP into acid insoluble material in 30 minutes at 74°C. The temperature of denaturing should be (   ) and the temperature of extension should be (   )

   		94℃ to 98℃ for both.
   		94℃ to 98℃ for denaturing, 74℃ for extension.
   		72℃ for denaturing, 50℃ to 65℃ for extension.
   		94℃ to 98℃ for denaturing, 50℃ to 65℃ for extension.

In the glycolytic pathway, the enzyme triose phosphate isomerase catalyzes the conversion of of dihydroxyacetone phosphate to glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate, which is then immediately utilized by glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate hydrogenase to continue through glycolysis. In an experimental cell culture model, inhibition of triose phosphate isomerase leads to cell death in anaerobic conditions. These cells survive, however under aerobic conditions. Please explain these findings. In your answer consider the energy production in aerobic vs. anaerobic metabolism.

Inborn errors of metabolism are disorders resulting from genetic defects of metabolic genes that regulate energy metabolism. Although rare, there are 2 reported inborn errors of metabolism affecting the process of gluconeogenesis. The first results in a deficiency of fructose-1,6-bisphosphate (FBPase) and the second results in a deficiency in phosphoenolpyruvate carboxylase (PEPCK). Both deficiencies present with the symptom of hypoglycermia (low blood glucose) early in life during periods of fasting. a) What are three main sources of glucose normally used to maintain euglycemia (normal blood glucose) in healthy individuals? b) Explain how deficiencies in either FBPase or PEPCK can lead to this symptom specifically during fasting. BE SURE TO REFERENCE THE SOURCES THAT YOU LISTED IN PART A. c) The hypoglycemia associated with PEPCK is often less frequent and less profound than in FBPase deficiency. Please explain this (hint think about the precursors for gluconeogenesis and how they are utilized within the gluconeogenenic pathway).

1.) If two DNA strands were aligned parallel to one another, would you see a lagging strand? Why?

2.) Breifly describe how telomeres shorten after DNA replication.

can any one give me a good explanation for this two questions please?

How do long chain fatty acyl-CoA molecules regulate acetyl CoA carboxylase? please Explain also why this regulation makes sense.

Time 11:55 AM.

A sixteen-year-old girl is rushed to the emergency room due to extreme fatigue during P.E.

Patient History

- Since young she has had recurrent episodes of extreme fatigue.

- Episodes occurred only if she fasted for more than 8 hours

- Her mother routinely gave her food late at night and woke her early for breakfast

- Her developed height and weight are normal

- Today, she missed breakfast and by noon was extremely fatigued.

Treatment in ER

- At the hospital she was immediately given glucose intravenously. Her symptoms

responded dramatically.

Her initial blood work showed:

Serum glucose was low (38 mg/dl; normal is 70-100)

Blood urea slightly elevated

Free fatty acid levels were elevated

Ketone bodies were below normal

1. What is wrong with her? Explain.

2. Which enzyme is defective? Explain.

3. What treatment will help her? Explain.

You want to study ribosomes in plant cells and plan to use a protocol based on ultracentrifugation in cesium chloride (CsCl) in order to isolate these structures. What do you expect to find?
   A.  
Only 70S ribosomes
    B.  
Both 70 and 80S ribosomes
    C.  
Plants are boring
    D.  
Only 80S ribosomes