In peas, tall (T) is dominant to short (t), yellow (Y) is dominant to green (y) and round (R) is dominant to wrinkled (r). A purebreeding plant with tall, green and wrinkled pea phenotypes is crossed to a purebreeding plant that is short and makes yellow, round peas. When peas from this F1 generation are crossed, what is the probability of obtaining a short plant that makes yellow, wrinkled peas in the F2?

What are advantages of the study on microbial growth and product production phases and kinetics

Explain how attenuation regulates the trp operon in response to cellular levels of tryptophan

Describe what is meant by the term consensus sequences for transcription in E. coli and their significance in regulating transcription from promoters recognized by the σ70 factor.

A central question in biology is, how do we have > 200 different cell types, complete with unique cell morphologies and functions, when all cells have the same DNA (the concept of genomic equivalence). Epigenetic regulation of gene transcription is one way to explain this. Define what is meant by epigenetic regulation of gene transcription, including different general epigenetic mechanisms, and describe three different contexts of a developmental process that is associated with epigenetic changes that we have discussed in class.

1. What is the function of the nictitating membrane?
2. What is the function of the tympanic membrane? Why would a male’s tympanic membrane be larger than a female’s?
3. What are some of the characteristics of the frog that help in jumping?
4. Which duct/tube do the excretory, digestive, and reproductive system meet at?
5. How many chambers are found in the frog’s heart? Is the oxygenated blood separated from the deoxygenated blood by the chambers or is the blood mixed together?
6. How many lobes are found on the frog’s liver? Name one function of the liver.
7. Name the functions of the muscles:
   1. Gastrocnemius
8. 2. Adductor magnus
9. 3. Gracillis major
10. 4. Tiabialis anterior longus

Assume that you are responsible for decontaminating materials in a large hospital.
How would you sterilize each of the following? Briefly justify your answers.

a. a mattress used by a patient with bubonic plague
b. intravenous glucose-saline solutions
c. used disposable syringes
d. tissues taken from patients

This is normally accomplished through methylation of a cytosine:

a. paternal effect   b. imprinting   c. epistasis   d. maternal inheritance   e. aromatase

Describe what it means for interactions to be selfish by using the concepts of actor and recipient.

A mountain climber ascends to an altitude where the partial pressure of oxygen in the atmosphere is very low.

1. What happens to levels of erythropoietin in the blood after a period of time at high elevations?

2.How does a low concentration of oxygen in the alveoli affect the state of contraction of pulmonary arterioles?

3.Explain why pulmonary edema is a symptom of altitude sickness

Using your knowledge of cellular respiration, provide a detailed accounting of the ATP produced. Be sure to include the exact contribution of the electron carrier molecules NADH and FADH2 and how this relates to ATP production.

1. Microscope Question: What type of microscopy would you use for each situation situation and why and how does it work

1. Routine examination of cheek cells in a classroom setting
2. Tracking the localization of a transgenic protein from DNA transformed into the cell.
3. Examining and generating 3D images of very small ultrastructures of cells
4. Examining a specimen that is visible to an ordinary light microscope but in a specimen that is transparent without staining
5. You wish to internally observe a complex living mass of cells without any physical dissection.
6. For confocal microscopy describe the different components light interacts with from laser to detector.

How could you show that the adaptor protein AP2 has a phosphatidylinositol-4,5-bisphosphate (PIP2) binding domain?

In like a simple-ish explanation please.