Hemophilia is a disease caused by a recessive allele on the X chromosome. Use a Punnett square to help describe the offspring phenotypes from the cross: heterozygous female crossed to male with hemophilia.

1. Explain how an automatic pipette (like the one pictured) below works. Briefly explain how to use it
2. How can you accurately aliquot a highly viscous solution using an automatic pipette?
3. What does the term “specific gravity” mean? What is the specific gravity of a 50% (v/v) ethanol (in water) solution?

How might protein production by genetic engineering biotechnology be useful to you? Give a real or imagined example.

In an organism with 52 chromosomes, how many bivalents would be expected to form during meiosis?

Please write down 4 main types of defects found in cancer cells, along with a brief explanation of what the long term result of that defect is for the cell. Then conclude with a statement of how the extracellular matrix plays a role in keeping normal cells under control and the means by which it does this.

Assume a cell with the following conditions.

K⁺ Equilibrium Potential = -81 mV

Na⁺ Equilibrium Potential = +58 mV

The plasma membrane of the cell is permeable only to K⁺
The membrane potential is constant over time

Which of the following statements is/are correct?

Which of the following statements is/are correct for an endotherm when ambient temperature decreases below the thermoneutral zone?

How to extract only RNA from the solution in RNA prep? Which buffer is required to make it? Why DNA wouldn't be affected by that buffer?

1. Describe two targets of antibiotics and discuss why the drugs are effective.

What is the likely scenario that will happen if the Oxygen Transfer Rate in the reactor is smaller than the Oxygen Uptake Rate (e.g. what will happen to your cells, doubling time and so on)?

Write an short essay abouy How can enzymes speed up the metabolic reactions

One A4 page
No copy-paste from the internet(own sentences)

Explain how the relative position of microbial communities within sediment profiles is likely to change as a result of seasonal inundation in wetland ecosystems.

52. Catabolism of fatty acids stimulates gluconeogenesis in all of the following ways EXCEPT:

1. By contributing to the production of NADH
2. By providing carbons for the glucose skeleton
3. By activating pyruvate carboxylase
4. By contributing to the production of ATP
5. By producing Acetyl-CoA

55. [NADPH/NADP+] is maintained at a high level in cells primarily by:

1. Lactate dehydrogenase
2. The combined actions of glucose -6 phosphate dehydrogenase and gluconolactonase
3. The action of the electron transport chain
4. Shuttle mechanisms as the α-glycerophosphate dehydrogenase shuttle
5. The combined actions of transketolase and transaldolase

56. If a cell requires more ribose-5-phosphate than NADPH:

1. Only the first phase of the pentose phosphate pathway would occur
2. Glycolytic intermediates would flow into the reversible phase of the pentose phosphate pathway
3. There would be sugar interconversions but no net release of carbons from glucose-6- phosphate
4. The equivalent of the carbon atoms to glucose-6-phosphate would be released as 6CO₂
5. Only part of this need could be met by the pentose pathway and the rest would have to be supplied by another pathway.

26. Which one of the following is NOT characteristic of the hexose monophosphate pathway?

1. It produces CO₂
2. It uses NADP⁺ as a cofactor
3. It produces ATP
4. It produces ribose-5-phosphate
5. It produces glyceraldehydes-3-phosphate

27. A person with less than 10% of the normal amount of glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase would likely :

1. Be at risk for hemolytic anemia and persistent chronic infections.
2. Be unable to produce sufficient  levels of pentoses for nucleic acid synthesis
3. Have a glycogen storage disease.
4. Have a fatty liver
5. Have a reduced ability to produce NADP

28. When the PLC second messenger system is activated, which of the following causes an increase in intracellular Ca²⁺?

1. Phosphatidyl inositol (PI)
2. Phosphatidylnositol-4-phosphate(PIP)
3. Phosphatidylinositol 4,5- biphosphate(PIP₂)
4. Inositol triphosphate(IP₃)
5. Diacylglycerol

Lactate concentration in the blood rises rapidly during hard running. After running, the blood concentration drops slowly. Describe why the lactate concentration increases and why it decreases.

Choose 2 (TWO) of the following PAIRS of terms related to PLANTS to compare and contrast (this means that you need to explain both shared features and distinguishing features in the pair). You also need to include at least ONE specific phylum for each term.
For example: microgametophyte and megagametophyte: These terms refer to organisms found in the 4 phyla of the the Gymnosperms and the Anthophyta in the plant Kingdom. The microgametophyte is contained within the pollen grain and contains the sperm and the megagametophyte contains the egg and is enclosed in integuments. They are both produced by different types of spores (microspores vs. megaspores) .

Choices: CHOOSE TWO PAIRS

• homospory and heterospory
• ovary and ovule in plants
• Archegonia and antheridia
• seed and spore