Delivery systems that are not eliminated by degradation, phagocytosis or glomerular filtration can leave the bloodstream by crossing the endothelium to reach target tissues. This occurs most readily in tissues with discontinuous endothelia, such as in liver tissues and many solid tumours90. Fenestrations in the liver sinusoidal endothelium permit particles of 100–200nm in diameter to exit the bloodstream and gain access to hepatocytes and other liver cells104,105. In some tumours, a combination of highly permeable endothelia and poor lymphatic drainage can lead to increased accumulation of circulating nanoparticles in malignant tissue — an occurrence termed the enhanced permeation and retention effect

WHAT IS THIS MEAN???IN EASIER WAT DETAIL.

Compare the responses by serum complement (alternative pathway; 3 responses) to antibody- mediated responses (5 responses) to bacteria in the bloodstream. What host cells are involved in each response, and how are bacteria or other antigens destroyed or effectively removed?

Cancer cells grow uncontrollably and do not die. Do you think that the following defect would lead to a cancerous cell phenotype?  

"A gain of function mutation in growth factor signaling pathway RTK that causes constitutive (constant) kinase activity"

"A p53 protein that cannot be imported into the nucleus."

"A deletion of the polyadenylation signal sequence in the gene of growth factor signaling pathway protein TFa."

"A deletion in the TATA box in the promoter for the CDK inhibitor gene."

"The DNA in the region of the Rb gene is highly methylated and the histone tails are not acetylated."

"A frameshift mutation early in the protein coding region in the gene for G1 cyclin."

Explain what an activator is and how such proteins can regulate gene expression. You should include in your answer details of the genetic elements activators can bind to and outline two different molecular mechanisms by which activators can influence gene expression

Alpha thalassemia is a blood condition resulting from abnormal hemoglobin production, due to loss of function of copies of either HBA1 or HBA2 genes. These genes are very similar, and for simplicity’s sake we talk about having four copies of the HBA gene (two copies of each).

HBA1 and HBA2 genes are located next to each other, and therefore are described within the same allele. For example, αα indicates that both HBA1 and HBA2 copies on an allele are functioning, α- indicates an allele with one of the two genes functioning, and -- indicates an allele with neither gene functioning.

There are multiple versions of alpha thalassemia, which depend on how many of the four HBA copies are functioning. This is outlined in the table below, in order of severity (most severe -> least severe):

A man who is a silent carrier has a child with a woman who has α-thalassemia trait.

i)              Assuming the woman has mutations in cis, what are the possible offspring phenotypes for this child? Give the probability for each possible phenotype.

ii)             Assuming the woman has mutations in trans, what are the possible offspring phenotypes for this child? Give the probability for each possible phenotype.

2) discuss the current barriers to gene therapy.

Assess the following argument by analogy: Go through each of the 3 checks, and then write your conclusion about the analogy (strong or weak).

Check #1: Specify exactly what is being compared

Check #2: List several similarities (both of the objects/events/ideas compared have a, b, and c).

Check #3: Find at least 1 key difference if you can (the objects/events/ideas compared are different in d or in e). This is a matter of quality, not quantity

Is this weak or strong analogy?

Mice are mammals, have a mammalian circulatory system, have typical mammalian biochemical reactions, and experience a reduction in blood cholesterol when given the new Drug Z. Humans are mammals, have a mammalian circulatory system, and have typical mammalian biochemical reactions. Therefore, humans will also experience a reduction in blood cholesterol when given the new Drug Z.

Familial Mediterranean fever is an autosomal recessive condition, with high carrier frequencies known for multiple ethnicities:

Armenian 1 in 8  

Ashkenazi Jewish 1 in 13

Sephardic Jewish 1 in 14

Turkish 1 in 8

What are the chances of an Armenian man and a Sephardic Jewish woman having a baby who is affected with this condition?

1.Why is lead contamination a concern for environmental health experts?
2.State 2 incidents of mass poisoning of humans that involved arsenic.
3.What are some of the medical uses of mercury? And what is the aspects of bioaccumulation of mercury?

Discuss the risks and benefits to society assoviated with the use of devices that produce radiation ( ionizing and nonionizing).2.Describe the ocular effects on nonionizing radiation in optical spectrum.

• In your own words (and approximately 250 words), explain why adult haemoglobin (HbA) is better suited for its job as the oxygen-carrying protein in red blood cells compared with myoglobin and the sickle cell form of haemoglobin (HbS). In addition, how does foetal haemoglobin (HbF) compare and why do we have this form of Hb??

Include in your answer:

• An introduction to haemoglobin (HbA) and the way in which its structure underlies its function.
• The way in which Mb differs from HbA and thus why it is unsuitable for the job HbA does.
• The way in which HbS differs from HbA, the consequences of this and thus why it is less suitable for the job HbA does.
• The way in which HbF differs from HbA and what its function is.

Phenal red glucose, lactose, and sucrose fermentation tests are valuable because, select all that apply

a. Helps distinguish species of bacteria that are different, but look the same under the microscope

b. Characterize metabolic strategies of newly discovered bacteria

c. These fermentation tests can identify an organism with no other information

d. Determines which sugars an organism can ferment

I answered d and only got partial credit, need help figuring out the other answers. thanks

Compare and contrast the mechanisms and locations of the effects of peptide and amine hormones and steroid hormones. (Answer in table form if you wish.)