Explain the functional relationship between volume changes, pressure changes, and gas flow into and out of the lung during pulmonary ventilation.

The questions are related to microbiology

In the absence of oxygen, two different cultures of E. Coli are growing in a minimal medium- both with the same basic composition of standard salts, and both containing ammonium chloride as the nitrogen source, and glucose as the carbon source. Only the first culture contains sodium nitrate in addition.

1) Describe the two metabolic pathways in the two different cultures and put them in to a global perspective. To what nutrients cycles do they contribute, and how?

2) what are some of the major groups of environmental bacteria that use these pathways? Describe them briefly. What are typical habits where these pathways play an important role?

Draw a schematic representation of a portal system. What is different with respect to the common arrangement that you will find in typical capillary beds? What is the function of portal systems and why do they require this peculiar arrangement?

True/False question:

1. "Blind" experiments are designed to reduce the possibility that the outcome of an experiment might be affected by the power of suggestion.
2. A stratified epithelium is often composed of multiple layers of cuboidal or squamous epithelial cells, and usually located in body regions to provide protection.
3. All eukaryotic cells have a plasma membrane composed of a phospholipid bilayer.
4. All waste, raw materials, and sources of energy for a cell must enter and leave the cell by passing through the plasma membrane.

What is the purpose of including the pH indicator phenol red in Mannitol Salt Agar (MSA)

Which of the following statements best describes a promoter? (multiple choice)

1.A set of adjacent structural genes and the operator gene that controls them.

2.A portion of a gene, which is transcribed into RNA, but not translated into protein.

3.A sequence of nucleotides coding for a single gene product that is transcribed into mRNA.

4.The section of DNA to which RNAP first attaches itself to when initiating the transcription of a structural gene.

5.A protein that blocks gene action with an operator site on the DNA.

Describe the role of cancer associated fibroblasts in the development of cancer. By keeping in mind that cancers are named as wounds that do not heal.

After death, metabolism shuts down and ATP runs out. As a result, calcium pumps at the sarcoplasmic reticulum stop, so Ca⁺² ions diffuse out into the sarcoplasm.   Produce a diagram describing the contraction cycle and use it to explain what will be the consequence of a sudden calcium increase in the absence of ATP for the muscles of this person’s body?

During elongation of translation, each new amino acid is added to the growing chain by this chemical bond. (multiple choice)

a. hydrogen

b. peptide

c. phosphodiester

d. covalent

e. ionic

what kind of concentration effects can be seen in the self assembly of amino acids?

11. What are the functions of the 5’ cap? How is it added on the RNA?

12.Explain how a poly-A tail is produced; (CPSF and CstF, Poly APolymerase, Poly A Binding Protein (PABP)).

13.What are the two hypotheses for eukaryotic transcription termination?

14.How does splicing of pre-mRNA occur?

15.Compare and contrast splicing of group I introns, group II introns and spliceosome-mediated splicing of mRNA.

6. What is the basic difference between general transcription factors and specific transcription factors?

7. How is DNA opened up along a prokaryotic promoter. How does this occur along a eukaryotic promoter?

8. Describe the functions of Transcription factors: TFIID(TBP,TAFs),TFIIA, TFIIB, TFIIE, TFIIF, TFIIH.

9. What is ELL(negativeelongationfactor) and pTEFb?

10.What is the CTD tail? What are some of the functions of it? What are the phosphorylation states and what do they signify?

Describe what is epithelial to mesenchymal transition (EMT). Is the process of EMT essential for metastatic spread? Please give evidences that support your answer.

There is an enzyme “amylase” used in Bioethanol production at large scale. The enzyme has excellent Kcat and Km values but there is issue of thermostability. The enzyme cannot work beyond 50oC temperature which is not optimum for industry. We have been giving a target to increase its thermostability by using Rational Design. Can you please let us know that which region (Helix, Sheet, Loops) will be targeted to increase thermostability of enzyme and why?

We are fighting what seems to be a losing battle against antibiotic-resistant Gram negative bacteria, such as “beta-lactamase-producing Enterobacteriaeceae” (BLPE). BLPE seemed to arise all of a sudden in response to the common use of penicillin to treat infections caused by Enterobacteriaeceae.

A. BLPE are resistant to all of the following antibiotics. For each, state the antibiotic’s mode of action, and explain the most likely resistance mechanism. Ceftriaxone Tetracycline Aminoglycosides Vancomycin

B. If we only overused Penicillin, how could that lead suddenly to the development of resistance to all of these different antibiotics, especially Tetracycline and Aminoglycosides?

C. BLPE can still be treated with Polymyxins. How do Polymyxins work, and why would physicians be reluctant to use them in a patient unless absolutely necessary?